10 Major Agricultural Problems Of India Essay

Some of the major businesss and their possible solutions charter been discussed as fol verbotensets. Indian merchandise-gardening is plagued by several b opposites some of them ar life the like and some others ar man do.1. Small and fragmentize vote d experience-holdingsThe seemingly abundance of net sow cut backing field of 141.2 cardinal hectargons and make sense cropped ambit of 189.7 million hect ars (1999-2000) pales into insignificance when we see that it is divided into economically unviable down in the m starth and scattered holdings.The bonnie sizing of holdings was 2.28 hectares in 1970-71 which was reduced to 1.82 hectares in 1980-81 and 1.50 hectares in 1995-96. The size of the holdings impart further diminution with the infinite Sub-division of the land holdings.See to a greater extent Sleep Deprivation Problem answer Speech EssayThe problem of picayune and unconnected holdings is more(prenominal) serious in densely populated and intensively cour tly pass ons like Kerala, westbound Bengal, Biharand eastern embark on of Uttar Pradesh where the bonny size of land holdings is less(prenominal) than angiotensin converting enzyme hectare and in certain split it is less than even 0.5 hectare.Rajasthan with vast blond stretches and Nagaland with the prevailing Jhoom (shifting culture) have larger average sized holdings of 4 and 7.15 hectares respectively. States having high per cen quantify of net sown area like Punjab, Haryana, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka and Madhya Pradesh have holding size preceding(prenominal) the national average.Further it is shocking to furrow that a large proportion of 59 per pennyime holdings in 1990- 91 were peripheral (be modest 1 hectare) accounting for 14.9 per penny of the occur ope placed area. Another 19 per centime were low-down holdings (1-2 hectare) taking up 17.3 per cent of the summarize operated area. bad holdings (above 10 hectare) accounted for only when 1.6 per cen t of total holdings only when c all all everyplaceed 17.4 per cent of the operated area (Table 22.1). Hence, on that point is a all-encom red gap between small husbandmans, intermediate farmers (peasant group) and big farmers (landlords).The main reason for this dark state of affairs is our inheritance laws. The land be coherenting to the father is equally distributed among his sons. This statistical distribution of land does not entail a collection or consolidated one, but its nature is fragmented.Different tracts have dissimilar levels of fertility and are to be distributed accordingly. If there are four tracts which are to be distributed between two sons, both the sons will get littler plots of each land tract. In this way the holdings become smaller and more fragmented with each passing generation.Sub-division and fragmentation of the holdings is one of the main ca engrosss of our low unpolished productivity and backward state of our agriculture.1/2/2015 758 PM10 Major hoidenish Problems of India and their Possible Solutions3 of 16http//www.yourarticlelibrary.com/agriculture/10-major- rustic-proA lot of clipping and cut into is wasted in moving microbes, muck up, implements and cattle from one piece of land to another.Irrigation becomes hard-fought on much(prenominal) small and fragmented fields. Further, a lot of robust verdant land is wasted in providing boundaries. at a lower place much(prenominal) circumstances, the farmer cannot concentrate on improvement. The only answer to this ticklish problem is the consolidation of holdings which means the reallocation of holdings which are fragmented, the creation of farms which comp fig up only one or a few parcels in place of multitude of patches formerly in the possession of each peasant. But unfortunately, this project has not succeeded much. Although legislation for consolidation of holdings has been enacted by almost all the states, it has been implemented only in Punjab, Haryana an d in some split of Uttar Pradesh.Consolidation of to the highest degree 45 million holdings has been done till 1990-91 in Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh. The other solution to this problem is reconciling farming in which the farmers pool their resources and helping the profit.2. SeedsSeed is a critical and elemental input for attaining higher crop yields and sustain growth in agricultural issue. statistical distribution of assured timber reservoir is as critical as the output of such come downs. Unfortunately, good quality seeds are out of tump over of the majority of farmers, especially small and marginal farmers mainly because of exorbitant costs of get around seeds.In bless to solve this problem, the politics of India launch the National Seeds Corporation (NSC) in 1963 and the State FarmersCorporation of India (SFCI) in 1969. long dozen State Seed Corporations (SSCs) were as well established to augment the supply of improved seeds to the farmers. g ritty Yielding Variety Programme (HYVP) was launched in 1966-67 as a major cast off plan to increase the proceeds of victuals grains in the ground. The Indian seed industriousness had exhibited impressive growth in the chivalric and is expected to provide further potentiality for growth in agricultural production The role of seed industry is not only to produce adequate beat of quality seeds but in any case to reach out varietal diversity to suit versatile agro-climatic zones of the sylvan.The indemnity statements are designed towards making on tap(predicate) to the Indian farmer, adequate quantities of seed of premium quality at the appropriate time and place and at an affordable price so as to meet the countrys nutrition and nutritional aegis goals.Indian seeds programme largely adheres to especial(a) generation placement for seed multiplication. The system recognises three kinds of generation, namely breeder, tush and assured seeds. Breeder seed is the basic s eed and first floor in seed production. Foundation seed is the second stage in seed production scope and is the progeny of breeder seed. Certified seed is the ultimate stage in seed production chain and is the progeny of foundation seed. Production of breeder and foundation seeds and conscious seeds distribution have gone up at an annual average rate of 3.4 per cent, 7.5 percent and 9.5 per cent respectively, between 2001-02 and 2005-06).3. Manures, plant foods and BiocidesIndian injurys have been used for growing crops over thousands of yearswithout caring much for replenishing. This has conduct to depletion and exhaustion of countrys resulting in their low productivity. The average yields of almost all the crops are among t e lowest in the cosmea. This is a serious problem which can be solved by utilize more muds and fertilizers. Manures and fertilizers play the same role in relation to soils as good food in relation to body. Just as a headspring-nourished body is ass ailable of doing any good job, a well nourished soil is capable of prominent good yields. It has been estimated that about 70 per cent of growth in agricultural production can be attributed to increased fertilizer application.Thus increase in the spending of fertilizers is a barometer of agricultural prosperity. However, there are practical difficulties in providing sufficient manures and fertilizers in all split of a country of Indias dimensions inhabited by pitiful peasants. Cow droppings provides the best manure to the soils.But its use as such is limited because much of cow dung is used as kitchen fuel in the shape of dung cakes. Reduction in the supply of fire wood and change magnitude demand for fuel in the untaught areas referable to increase in population has further complicated the problem. Chemical fertilizers are costly and are often beyond the reach of the poor farmers. The fertilizer problem is, therefore, both acute and complex.It has been felt that extreme m anures are essential for keeping the soil in good health. The country has a potential of 650 million tonnes of rural and one hundred sixty lakh tonnes of urban compost which is not fully utilized at present. The manipulation of this potential will solve the play off problem of disposition of waste and providing manure to the soil.The government has given high bonus especially in the form of overweight subsidy for using chemical substance fertilizers. there was practically no use of chemical fertilizers at the time of Independence As a result of initiative bythe government and due to change in the attitude of some riseive farmers, the inlet of fertilizers increased tremendously. In aver to economise the quality of the fertilizers, 52 fertilizer quality control laboratories have been set up in different parts of the country. In addition, there is one Central Fertilizer Quality Control and Training build at Faridabad with its three regional centres at Mumbai, Kolkata and Che nnai.Pests, germs and weeds cause heavy waiver to crops which amounted to about one third of the total field produce at the time of Independence. Biocides (pesticides, herbicides and weedicides) are used to save the crops and to head off losses. The increased use of these inputs has saved a lot of crops, especially the food crops from superfluous wastage. But indiscriminate use of biocides has resulted in wide spread environmental contamination which takes its own toll.4. IrrigationAlthough India is the second largest irrigated country of the world after China, only one-third of the cropped area is under irrigation. Irrigation is the most important agricultural input in a equatorial monsoon country like India where rainfall is uncertain, punic and erratic India cannot achieve sustained hap in agriculture unless and until more than half(a) of the cropped area is brought under assured irrigation.This is testified by the success story of agricultural progress in Punjab Haryana and western part of Uttar Pradesh where over half of the cropped area is under irrigation volumed tracts still await irrigation to boost the agricultural output.However, care mustiness be taken to safeguard against ill effects of over irrigation especially in areas irrigated by canals. Large tracts in Punjaband Haryana have been rendered useless (areas touch on by salinity, alkalinity and water-logging), due to faulty irrigation. In the Indira Gandhi Canal command area also intensive irrigation has led to sharp rise in sub-soil water level, leading to water-logging, soil salinity and alkalinity.5. Lack of mechanizationIn spite of the large scale mechanization of agriculture in some parts of the country, most of the agricultural operations in larger parts are carried on by human hand using simple and conventional tools and implements like woody plough, sickle, etc.Little or no use of machines is made in ploughing, sowing, irrigating, press clipping and pruning, weeding, harves ting threshing and transporting the crops. This is specially the mooring with small and marginal farmers. It results in considerable wastage of human labour and in low yields per capita labour force. There is urgent subscribe to to mechanise the agricultural operations so that wastage of labour force is avoided and farming is made convenient and efficient. Agricultural implements and machinery are a crucial input for efficient and apropos agricultural operations, facilitating multiple cropping and thereby change magnitude production.Some progress has been made for mechanising agriculture in India after Independence. Need for mechanisation was specially felt with the advent of yard Revolution in 1960s. Strategies and programmes have been enjoin towards replacement of traditional and inefficient implements by improved ones, enabling the farmer to own tractors, great power tillers, harvesters and other machines.A large industrial base for manufacturing of the agricultural machi nes has also been developed. Power availability for carrying out variousagricultural operations has been increased to reach a level of 14 kW per hectare in 2003-04 from only 0.3 kW per hectare in 1971-72.This increase was the result of increasing use of tractor, power tiller and combine harvesters, irrigation pumps and other power operated machines. The share of mechanical and electrical power has increased from 40 per cent in 1971 to 84 per cent in 2003-04.Uttar Pradesh recorded the highest average deals of tractors during the louveryear period ending 2003-04 and/West Bengal recorded the highest average sales of power tillers during the same period.Strenuous efforts are beingness made to encourage the farmers to adopt technically advanced agricultural equipments in rewrite to carry farm operations well timed(p) and precisely and to economise the agricultural production process.6. Soil erosionLarge tracts of fertile land suffer from soil erosion by wind and water. This area m ust be properly treated and restored to its true fertility.7. Agricultural MarketingAgricultural merchandising still continues to be in a bad shape in rural India. In the absence of sound merchandise facilities, the farmers have to depend upon local traders and middlemen for the disposal of their farm produce which is sold at throw-away price.In most cases, these farmers are forced, under socio-economic conditions, to carry on distress sale of their produce. In most of small hamlets, the farmers trade in their produce to the capital lender from whom they ordinarily borrow money.According to an estimate 85 per cent of wheat and 75 per cent of oil seeds in Uttar Pradesh, 90 per cent of Jute in West Bengal, 70 per cent of oilseeds and 35 per cent of cotton in Punjab is sold by farmers in the village itself. Such a situation arises due to the inability of the poor farmers to wait for long after harvesting their crops.In order to meet his commitments and pay his debt, the poor farm er is forced to sell the produce at whatever price is offered to him. The Rural credence Survey Report rightly remarked that the producers in general sell their produce at an adverse place and at an bad time and usually they get unfavourable terms.In the absence of an organised merchandising structure, private traders and middlemen dominate the marketing and avocation of agricultural produce. The remuneration of the services provided by the middlemen increases the load on the consumer, although the producer does not derive similar benefit.Many market surveys have revealed that middlemen take away about 48 per cent of the price of rice, 52 per cent of the price of grounduts and 60 per cent of the price of potatoes offered by consumers.In order to save the farmer from the clutches of the money lenders and the middle men, the government has come out with regulated markets. These markets generally introduce a system of competitive buying, help in eradicating malpractices, ensure the use of standardised weights and measures and train suitable machinery for settlement of disputes thereby ensuring that the producers are not subjected to exploitation and receive mercantile prices.