Misuse of Police Powers Essay -- Police Misconduct, Abuse of Authority

Within our police system in America, there are gaps and loopholes that give leeway to police officials who either smear the assurance given to them or do not represent the ethical standards that they are expected to live up to. Because of the nature of police work, there is a potential for deterioration of these ethical and moral standards through deviance, misconduct, corruption, and favoritism. Although these standards are set in place, many police are not held accountable for their actions and can tardily get by with the mistreatment of others. While not every police abuses his or her power, the increasingly large percentage that do present a problem that moldiness be recognized by the public as well as those in charge of police departments throughout our country. jurisprudence officials are abusing their power and authority through three types of misconduct known as malfeasance, misfeasance, and nonfeasance and these types are being overlooked by management personnel who rare ly intervene even though they know what is happening. Misconduct is wrong because it violates rights and cause people to be wrongly accused of crimes or be found not guilty and set wanton when they are still an endangerment to other people. The public needs to be educating on what is happening in the police system in hopes that someone will p to each one out to protect citizens from being violated by police officers.The term natural law Integrity Rankings of Scenarios on the Klockars Scale by Management Cops, conveys that the different scenarios for each definition and the nature of police work make this corruption difficult to specifically define (Vito 153). Since it so challenging to correctly define, the three broad categories of malfeasance, misfeasance, and nonfeasance ... ...e punishments. An article in the Criminal Justice Review states that controlling police corruption is difficult, if not impossible (Vito 153). This is because typically the only people who know that t hese crimes are sack on are the other police officers within a department. Police officers generally fail to report their colleagues and therefore much of this deviance goes unnoticed. Works CitedOConnor, T.R. Police Deviance and Ethics. PoliceCrimes.com. 11 Nov. 2005. Web. 14 Feb. 2015.Vito, Gennaro F., Scott Wolfe, George E. Higgins, and William F. Walsh. Police Integrity Rankings Reprints of Scenarios on the Klockars Scale by Management Cops. EBSCO Publishing Service Selection Page. June 2011. Web. 16 Feb. 2015.Weitzer, Ronald, and Steven A. Tuch. Race and Perceptions of Police Misconduct. JSTOR. Aug. 2004. Web. 19 Mar. 19 2015.

Kevin Mitnick :: Hacker Hackers Hacking Computers Essays

Kevin Mitnick Hacking has been around since the birth of computers. When the term hacking was first used, its meaning was not that of how we think of it today. At the origins of computing, a hacker was considered to be just a creative programmer (Baase, 2003). Early forms of computer games as well as the beginnings of operating systems were discovered and created by these original hackers. These hackers plunged into systems as a way of an adroit challenge and to aspire to gain knowledge (Baase, 2003). Kevin Mitnick believes he falls into this realm of hackers. Hackers in todays era are now looked upon as criminals who invade the privacy rights of individuals and receive the ability to deliver worms/viruses. The differences are that hackers today have full intentions of delivering terrible viruses and worms. Mitnick was one of the most infamous hackers during the 1980s. He molded his hacking style around the fatuity of humans and his quest for intellectual knowledge. The ways in w hich he wiggled his way into computer systems extenuates many of the issues surrounding computer security and privacy. Kevin Mitnick, the worlds most notorious hacker hacked into his first computer at the age of 16 when he hacked into Digital Equipment Corp. ( celestial latitude) by phoning the company and claiming to be the lead developer of a new product (Weintraub, 2003). DEC then proceed to give him the passwords needed to hack into their system. Many of the jobs that Mitnick pulled exploited the ignorance of humans rather than the security software of the companies. Based on what he accomplished, he showed that a path can be made into a system without a computer or modem. This social engineering, was Mitnicks forte. Mitnick tries to warn corporations now that at that place is no patch for stupidity. (Mitnick, 2003) We are getting to an era in life were humans are not smart enough to run the machines they created. Someday computers may be run and created by other computers com pletely making humans obsolete in the realm of computer operation. This is a very scary topic to think about. When computers start having the ability to run themselves without human interference who knows what will happen. This is a fear that is embedded into the minds of many luddites. Where will this new technology annihilate up? How far will it go before it destroys the integrity of life as it is now?

Should Race be an Issue in Collge Admissions? Essay -- Persuasive Argu

Should Race be an Issue in Collge Admissions? One of the first questions that people ask me is What country atomic number 18 you from? I originally took this comment as an insult, but then saw that this comment came from the ignorance of people in my partnership who had seen very few Asians. Realizing that my peers were just curious about who I was lightened my t star and I began to laugh every time I got that question. For me it was hilarious that I could be mis countern from really being from another country. I am half Chinese and half Caucasian and was actually born in Alabama. My ethnicity has helped me in many an(prenominal) ways though. It has helped to distinguish me from my peers and may have got helped me get into college. Getting into college is a wonderful thing to experience and affirmatory action has helped minority students get into colleges have this experience and education. Many minorities are not given the opportunity to better their standing in life an d use of affirmative action in college admissions has undefendable a door for many of these people. Conservatives argue that affirmative action is not fair and that it is reverse discrimination. Liberals argue that without affirmative action our society would be fed up(p) and diversity will deteriorate without it. Chang-Lin Tien is a Chinese immigrant who was Chancellor of the University of California, Berkeley from 1990-1997. In his article In defense of Affirmative Action, Tien explains that he took on the debate on affirmative action because of his role as a professor in higher education and his experience as an immigrant. He states that, I had seen the promise of affirmative action come true. He had also seen that through daily interaction in classrooms, laboratories, and... ...ave emerged on top and it has been these minorities who have suffered from lack of opportunity. Without someone in that location to help pull them up, minorities will stay near the bottom of ed ucation. Whites will argue that is they are determined enough they will be able to succeed. The foretell of that is that a person will only try so many times without hope. When you have been continuously been told that you wont amount to much one either stands up and rebels against this thought or accepts it as a truth. Many minorities have been told for years that they are not capable of being successful and they take it in stride because that is the way they are accustomed to. Minorities need a push to help themselves out. It may seem unfair to the white conservatives, but if minorities are not shown preference now, when will the deep problems of racial division ever be solved?

Amd Vs. Intel :: essays research papers

AMD vs. PentiumA couple of years ago when Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) introduced it&8217s K5 microprocessor, the phrase &8220too little, too late was plastered across their name countless times. At that time, if anyone were to name an underdog to the Intel dominated microprocessor market, Cyrix with their dirt-cheap 5x86 processor would have been the favorite.Intel had been the only processor that could extend day-to-day functions at reasonable speeds. Such simple tasks as word processing and calculations, then later gaming and educational work, the processors were unable to perform. The Pentium processor was introduced in 1994 no company could compete with Intel at this point. It took until 1997, for AMD to even be noniced, and then later in 1997 the AMD k6 series was introduced. When AMD&8217s k6 was introduced to compete with the Pentium Processor, it fell short in all areas, except one-price. It was the cheapest micro-processing chip (chip) on the market. The downside to this chip is that it did not follow the same format as Intel chips. It needed a different motherboard, a socket-7 motherboard. This impairment AMD&8217s chances at the beginning, but in early 1998 they unveiled their mighty K6-2 processor. The K6-2 Processor was &8220bigger, better, and cheaper. The processor ran on a 100mhz bus, while Intel&8217s chips still ran on a 66mhz bus, this made AMD&8217s chip faster. It also was nearly 16% cheaper than any Intel based Pentium computer. The gaming community accepted the k6-2 with cautious, but open, arms. With their new SIMD-Enhanced (Single counsel Multiple Data) 3Dnow the graphics this processor were able to produce were amazing, for the time, due to the use of floating point intensive programs. With the new processor and their own design they were not only keeping up with the giant Intel, but they were innovating. Intel answered back with its &8220SSE, which was to be included in its Pentium processors. This new enhancement was to push gr aphics acceleration in two ways as fast as AMD&8217s 3Dnow could. When Intel prematurely released the Pentium processor it fell short. Many people got chances to take the new P3 for a run, and they were barely faster than the likewise clocked AMD K6-2&8217s. Not only that, but they sold for over four times the price. When news of this reached the dealers and public, K6-2s sales had sky rocketed to 43.9 percent of the market, while Intel&8217s dropped to 40.

Partial-Birth Abortion: The Logical and Illogical Arguments Essay

Partial-Birth Abortion The Logical and conf employ Arguments In 1992, a new abortion procedure was introduced to the United States public. It was root performed by Dr. James McMahon and explained by Dr. Martin Haskell (Scully). It was used during the second and third trimesters (around twenty to twenty-four weeks along) and involved partially delivering the fetus so the doctors could remove the babys brain with suction (Wagner). The term D&X, which stands for intact dilation and extraction, was used to refer to this procedure (Hoyt). It was not until a few years later on that debates about this procedure came about. In 1995, example Charles Canady (R., Fla) introduced the Partial Birth Abortion Act (Scully). Since then, the issue has been debated extensively. There stupefy been questions about the accuracy of some facts that have been presented. This extremely political issue has more(prenominal) than just the usual two arrays Democratic and Republican. There atomic number 18 people against it who would like it banned completely, spell others are against it but do not sound off it should be banned. Then, there are some who are in favor of it because they see nothing wrong with it, while still others are in favor of it just because they think that doing away with it would take away womens rights. Those opinions and any others can mainly boil cumulation to proponents and opponents of partial-birth abortion. In many articles over the years, two proponents and opponents have each given their reproducible appeals, emotional appeals, and ethical appeals while trying to destroy the other side of the issue. The first topic to discuss is the logical appeal of the argument. According to the proponents for the issue of part... ...here is now a ban on partial-birth abortion in the United States, passed in demo 2003. Works CitedBlack, Chris. The Partial-Birth Fraud. The American panorama 12 (September 24, 2001) A2.B ordlee, Dorinda C. Partial Birth What Next? Christianity Today 44 (August 7, 2000) 67.Hoyt, Mike. Abortion Partial Truths. Columbia Journalism critique 36 (May-June 1997) 12(2).Scully, Matthew. Partial Truth. The Human flavor Review 24 (Summer 1998) 103(4).Strickler, Karyn. Partial Birth Abortion Bans Why Does the Big Lie Continue? http//www.commondreams.org/views03/0312-10.htm. Published March 12, 2003. Accessed April 15, 2003.Wagner, Teresa R. The Partial-Birth Abortion War. World and I 14 (September 1999) 86.Walker, Graham. Why stop at the third trimester? The Human Life Review 22 (Winter 1996) 105(2). Partial-Birth Abortion The Logical and Illogical Arguments EssayPartial-Birth Abortion The Logical and Illogical Arguments In 1992, a new abortion procedure was introduced to the United States public. It was first performed by Dr. James McMahon and explained by Dr. Martin Haskell (Scully). It was used during the second and thir d trimesters (around twenty to twenty-four weeks along) and involved partially delivering the fetus so the doctors could remove the babys brain with suction (Wagner). The term D&X, which stands for intact dilation and extraction, was used to refer to this procedure (Hoyt). It was not until a few years later that debates about this procedure came about. In 1995, Representative Charles Canady (R., Fla) introduced the Partial Birth Abortion Act (Scully). Since then, the issue has been debated extensively. There have been questions about the accuracy of some facts that have been presented. This extremely political issue has more than just the usual two sides Democratic and Republican. There are people against it who would like it banned completely, while others are against it but do not think it should be banned. Then, there are some who are in favor of it because they see nothing wrong with it, while still others are in favor of it just because they think that doing away with it would take away womens rights. Those opinions and any others can mainly boil down to proponents and opponents of partial-birth abortion. In many articles over the years, both proponents and opponents have each given their logical appeals, emotional appeals, and ethical appeals while trying to destroy the other side of the issue. The first topic to discuss is the logical appeal of the argument. According to the proponents for the issue of part... ...here is now a ban on partial-birth abortion in the United States, passed in March 2003. Works CitedBlack, Chris. The Partial-Birth Fraud. The American Prospect 12 (September 24, 2001) A2.Bordlee, Dorinda C. Partial Birth What Next? Christianity Today 44 (August 7, 2000) 67.Hoyt, Mike. Abortion Partial Truths. Columbia Journalism Review 36 (May-June 1997) 12(2).Scully, Matthew. Partial Truth. The Human Life Review 24 (Summer 1998) 103(4).Strickler, Karyn. Partial Birth Abortion Bans Why Does the Big Lie C ontinue? http//www.commondreams.org/views03/0312-10.htm. Published March 12, 2003. Accessed April 15, 2003.Wagner, Teresa R. The Partial-Birth Abortion War. World and I 14 (September 1999) 86.Walker, Graham. Why stop at the third trimester? The Human Life Review 22 (Winter 1996) 105(2).

Partial-Birth Abortion: The Logical and Illogical Arguments Essay

partial(p)- render spontaneous abortion The Logical and Illogical Arguments In 1992, a new abortion affair was introduced to the United States public. It was first performed by Dr. pile McMahon and explained by Dr. Martin Haskell (Scully). It was used during the second and tierce trimesters (around twenty to twenty-four weeks along) and involved partially delivering the fetus so the doctors could remove the babys brain with suck (Wagner). The term D&X, which stands for total dilation and extraction, was used to refer to this procedure (Hoyt). It was not until a few years later that debates about this procedure came about. In 1995, Representative Charles Canady (R., Fla) introduced the uncomplete Birth Abortion Act (Scully). Since then, the issue has been debated extensively. There have been questions about the accuracy of some facts that have been presented. This extremely governmental issue has more than just the customary two sides Democratic and Rep ublican. There ar people against it who would like it banned completely, while others are against it but do not have in mind it should be banned. Then, on that point are some who are in favor of it because they see nothing wrong with it, while still others are in favor of it just because they think that doing away with it would take away womens rights. Those opinions and any others can mainly boil down to proponents and opponents of partial-birth abortion. In many an(prenominal) articles over the years, both proponents and opponents have for each one given their logical appeals, emotional appeals, and ethical appeals while trying to destroy the other side of the issue. The first discipline to discuss is the logical appeal of the argument. concord to the proponents for the issue of part... ...here is now a ban on partial-birth abortion in the United States, passed in March 2003. kit and boodle CitedBlack, Chris. The Partial-Birth Fraud. The American Prospe ct 12 (September 24, 2001) A2.Bordlee, Dorinda C. Partial Birth What Next? Christianity Today 44 (August 7, 2000) 67.Hoyt, Mike. Abortion Partial Truths. Columbia Journalism Review 36 (May-June 1997) 12(2).Scully, Matthew. Partial Truth. The Human Life Review 24 (Summer 1998) 103(4).Strickler, Karyn. Partial Birth Abortion Bans Why Does the Big Lie Continue? http//www.commondreams.org/views03/0312-10.htm. Published March 12, 2003. Accessed April 15, 2003.Wagner, Teresa R. The Partial-Birth Abortion War. orbit and I 14 (September 1999) 86.Walker, Graham. Why checkout at the third trimester? The Human Life Review 22 (Winter 1996) 105(2). Partial-Birth Abortion The Logical and Illogical Arguments EssayPartial-Birth Abortion The Logical and Illogical Arguments In 1992, a new abortion procedure was introduced to the United States public. It was first performed by Dr. James McMahon and explained by Dr. Martin Haskell (Scully). It was used during the second and third trimesters (around twenty to twenty-four weeks along) and involved partially delivering the fetus so the doctors could remove the babys brain with suction (Wagner). The term D&X, which stands for intact dilation and extraction, was used to refer to this procedure (Hoyt). It was not until a few years later that debates about this procedure came about. In 1995, Representative Charles Canady (R., Fla) introduced the Partial Birth Abortion Act (Scully). Since then, the issue has been debated extensively. There have been questions about the accuracy of some facts that have been presented. This extremely political issue has more than just the usual two sides Democratic and Republican. There are people against it who would like it banned completely, while others are against it but do not think it should be banned. Then, there are some who are in favor of it because they see nothing wrong with it, while still others are in favor of it just because they think that doing away with it would take away womens rights. Those opinions and any others can mainly boil down to proponents and opponents of partial-birth abortion. In many articles over the years, both proponents and opponents have each given their logical appeals, emotional appeals, and ethical appeals while trying to destroy the other side of the issue. The first topic to discuss is the logical appeal of the argument. According to the proponents for the issue of part... ...here is now a ban on partial-birth abortion in the United States, passed in March 2003. Works CitedBlack, Chris. The Partial-Birth Fraud. The American Prospect 12 (September 24, 2001) A2.Bordlee, Dorinda C. Partial Birth What Next? Christianity Today 44 (August 7, 2000) 67.Hoyt, Mike. Abortion Partial Truths. Columbia Journalism Review 36 (May-June 1997) 12(2).Scully, Matthew. Partial Truth. The Human Life Review 24 (Summer 1998) 103(4).Strickler, Karyn. Partial Birth Abort ion Bans Why Does the Big Lie Continue? http//www.commondreams.org/views03/0312-10.htm. Published March 12, 2003. Accessed April 15, 2003.Wagner, Teresa R. The Partial-Birth Abortion War. World and I 14 (September 1999) 86.Walker, Graham. Why stop at the third trimester? The Human Life Review 22 (Winter 1996) 105(2).

On Ayer and Sartre’s Philosophical Construct

At the onset of Ayers philosophical treatise, he clearly asserted that the right-down means of concluding the common philosophical disputes and cleavages is to elucidate the purpose of what is being asked, and then circumstantiate the property of philosophical enquiry through the utilization of rational constructs.Ayer defines legitimate construction as if we can provide a definition in use showing how to get rid of a term a in favor of other terms b, c, etc., then we may say that the thing supposititiously referred to by a is a logical construction out of the things referred to by b, c, etc. So, for example, tables argon logical constructions out of sense-contents (Ayer 3), which means that logical construction necessitates a referent of the tendency being perceive, thus metaphysical context is immaterial. Logical construction is the panacea for providing definitive definition for objects, which is also the ultimate task of philosophy.Logical construction for Ayer lays bare the al-Qaeda of proving the invalidity of metaphysics because the transcendent reality of such philosophy does non hold any truth at all, for intuition alone cannot suffice in concretizing that intimacy of it was deduced to mans intuition and necessitated him to project the transcendent reality.This is a dismal argument for Ayer because it deems that every philosophical enquiry must start first on what the senses perceive. Thus in order for him to establish an argument that will lead to the elimination of metaphysics, as well as its other precepts such as intentionality, port and consciousness, Ayer intersperse logical construction in his treatise Language, Truth and Logic.For even if it is the case that the definition of a cardinal number as a class of classes alike(p) to a given class is circular, and it is not possible to reduce mathematical notions to purely logical notions, it will still remain true that the propositions of mathematics are analytic propositions.They will form a special class of analytic propositions, containing special terms, but they will be none the less analytic for that. For the banner of an analytic proposition is that its validity should follow simply from the definition of the terms contained in it, and this condition is fulfilled by the propositions of pure mathematics.1Ayers counterarguments amount to an attempt to attack the intentionality of behavior by recourse to dispositions that can be defined as end-states of self-regulating systems.This is a modernized version of the old physicalist proposal to characterize motives not in terms of an intended meaning but as needs that we measure by organic states. Given this presupposition, we can describe the behavior to be analyzed without reference to the motive the motive, which is also represented in observable behavior, can be understood as the initial condition in a lawful hypothesis and identified as the cause of the motivated behavior.I do not see, however, how the organic sta tes, the needs, or the systemic conditions that represent end-states, thus the motives, are supposed to be describable at all on the level of social action without reference to transmitted meaning.Since, however, the exposition of motivated behavior itself also implies this meaning, that description cannot be given independently of motive. The proposed distinction between motive for behavior and motivated behavior itself remains problematic.1 Ayer, A.J., Language, Truth and Logic. Dover Publications, Inc., New York, p. 108.

Success: Goals

My Road to Success GEN/200 Irene Blundell My Road to Success Even though my lane willing be ment all(prenominal)y and emotionally exhausting, I will need to obtain and maintain self-determination to reach my finales in life. I never want to lose sight of the goals I shed set to begin with myself. I will become an example for this generation and many more ahead as long as I stay motivated to my goals. I will prove to my family that if they apply the right noesis, anything is possible. I have to sacrifice to benefit my future for the reason that my future will be filled with wealth, happiness, and a find of accomplishment.Continuing to receive the positive outlook I receive from many situations in life. Every day is one measurement closer to my goals as long as I stay focused. Self-determination is the key to reach goals in my life. Self-determination is to become accountable to my actions, thought, and words. Always create an understanding of what my life experience have led me. My mastery is not focusing on my situations at hand but the main goal ahead. I understood when I wrote my goals there would be sacrifices that I would need to face.Some people give excuses because they want to settle or scared to achieve greatness sound because of how they think of themselves. People do not understand how much life has to offer. If they only humble there to mind and date there is a larger road than the dip in the road. Through my struggles in life, I had to humble myself and receive the positive outlook from the situations. I do not expect success to be open, but continuing to be strong in my beliefs and not giving up and staying focused ahead is an award in itself. It would have been easy for me to give up, but I was driven on my goals I have set for my life.I never seen success to fol scurvy but I took advantage of the prospering people that who were planted in my life to encourage me and teach me along this road. The past is an unchanging, but as long a s I understand that I can change my tomorrow, my life will become remarkable. The only way we move forward is to learn from the past and let it go. Some people swing more time living in the past and jeopardize an astonish future (Maxwell, 2003). After years of turmoil, I understood that forgiveness is the main agent a boffo life. Maintaining self-denial in college is vital to success.In college, I need to have good time management, budget, and become accountable for my actions. This degree plan I will obtain will set me up on an excellent career plan. I will not settle for getting by, but doing my trump out and settling college goals. I am the only one in my generation to finish high school and attend college, but not the last. Through all my hard work and dedication I will be able to pass down a legacy. I will pass down the knowledge that will help my family to achieve goals. For that every action that I do, not only reflect on me, but also my family.My family will reach the binding together and not hold one another on a pedestal. No one wants to reach the top alone but acquiring amazing people to share it with along the road. Being someones biggest supporter can mean more that I considered. I think twice before I speak because my words influence people. I can either sow a seed of success or ill fortune. It will benefit me in life if I decide to speak of success because what a man sows he shall will reap I have been truly blessed with the successful people in my life that guided me onto the right path.They took time out of their life to impact mine, now I will impact others. Goals not pen out are just wishes. Writing out my goals was hard to understand in the beginning. I had to set my goals high enough to inspire me but low enough to harbor me encouraged. Writing my goals for my life was a slow but steady process but familiarized myself with this benefit. I always write my goal out and look at them every day just to reassure myself that success is just a decision away. Throughout My Road I rig my goals in two groups. First, I set my Long-term goal with patience and research.Second, I make short-term goals to complete as long as it lines up with my main goal. I have accomplished goals in the past and understand the benefits of self-accomplishment. The reward I receive by achieving my goals is why I strive to keep pushing forward. Understanding that choices I make in life whether good or bad have an effect on the road of life. Throughout My road I have seen a great deal of people around me fail or give up. I took what I saw and applied it as positive tools for my lifestyle. I became strong because I never believed I was defeated or victimized of my situation .I decided not to keep that vicious family failure continuing in my own life was the stepping stone. When I realized that there was more to life than what my negative people in my life. I knew that the sky is the limit. I had an abundance of help from people who came into my life not because they had to but because they wanted to. My mentors were not going to let me be another statistic and gave me a chance to realize my potential. Every person in this world has potential they just need to accept the blessing and realize what is inside them.Although this road will be mentally and emotionally exhausting, I have made a decision to maintain self determination to reach my goals in life, for two main reasons. First, to be a great example for my family, I want them to understand what I was taught but that it is not where I came from but where I am headed (Fitzgerald, 2003). My family will understand that I apply the right knowledge in my life for that ,anything is possible. Serving in the military taught me about having self-discipline and Appling it to my life. I am glad I came into college with self-discipline and motivation I received in training.Every Situation I am in I receive the positive knowledge and apply it to my life. Most essential is strivin g for my goals. I never want to lack motivation or lose sight of what I am striving for. I will have self-discipline in my life to stay focus and motivate to achieve my goals. If I continue to strive, my future will be filled with wealth, happiness, and a sense of accomplishment. References Fitzgerald, E. (2003). First Lady of Song. Retrieved from http//www. ellafitzgerald. com Maxwell, J. C. (2003). Attitude 101. Nashville, TN Thomas Nelson Inc..

Fund Flow Analysis

Every business concern, at the end of its financial period, prepares Income Statements and Balance Sheet. Income Statements show the net result, Net Profit, of the business operations and contains various expenses incurred and losings and revenue earned during that period. Balance Sheet gives a summary of pluss and liabilities as on a particular date and shows the financial position of the business. The liabilities side of a labyrinthine sense sheet shows the sources from where cash are raised and the assets side shows how the funds raised are utilized.But it does not show the causes or reasons for swops in assets and liabilities, race of funds, between two balance sheet dates. Therefore, a statement is prepared in addition to the Income Statements and Balance Sheet, to show changes in assets and liabilities between two balance sheet dates, which is known as Fund Flow Statement. It is a statement, also known as Statement of Changes in Financial Position, designed to analyse the changes in financial condition of a concern between to specified dates. The Term FundThe term Fund can be explained in many ways. In the narrow sense, it means cash only. Transactions involving cash receipts and payments are considered in this approach. In the broader sense, fund means on the job(p) outstanding, which is the excess of on-going assets everyplace current liabilities. For fund flow analysis, the broader approach, running(a) nifty approach, is considered. The word Flow means change and fund flow means change in funds or change in works capital. Any increase or decrease in working capital is flow of funds.Flow of funds whitethorn be either inflow of funds or outflow of funds. Inflow refers to sources of funds and outflow refers to applications of funds. If a consummation brings any change in working capital, flow of funds takes place. This leave alone happen when changes occurs in the values of fixed assets, share capital, great term debts etc. with the corresp onding changes in the values of current assets or current liabilities. Many transactions which take place in a business enterprise may increase or decrease its working capital or even may not affect any change in it.Following are some examples Purchase of fixed assets When an asset is purchased, cash is going out there by reducing the cash balance. The emergence of this transaction is that working capital decreases and this change (decrease) in working capital is called as application of funds. Here the accounts involved are Current Assets (Cash) and Fixed Assets. Issue of share capital This transaction will increase the working capital as cash balance increases. This change (increase) in working capital is called as source of funds. Here the two accounts involved are current assets (Cash) and Shareholders finances (Share Capital).Sale of Fixed Assets The transaction will have the effect of increasing the working capital as the cash balance increases thereby increasing working capi tal. It is a source of funds. Here the accounts involved are current assets (Cash) and Fixed Assets. Redemption of debentures This transaction has the effect of reducing the working capital, as it results in decrement in cash balance. It is an application of funds. The two accounts affected by this transaction are Current Assets (Cash) and Long-Term Liability (Debenture).Purchase of inventory This transaction results in decrease in cash and increase in stock thereby keeping the total current assets at the same figure. Hence there will be no change in the Working Capital. In this case both the accounts involved are Current Assets (Cash and Stock). Accepting Bills Payable issued by creditors The effect of this transaction on Working Capital is Nil as it results in increase in bills payable (a current liability) and decreases the creditors (another current liability). Since there is no change in total current liabilities there is no flow of funds. The accounts involved as current liab ilities.Fixed Assets purchased and payment is made by issuing shares This transaction will not have any impact on working capital as it does not result in any change either in the current asset or in the current liability. Hence there is no flow of funds. The two accounts affected are Fixed Assets and Shareholders capital (Capital a/c). From the above examples, it is clear that there will be flow of funds when the transaction involves a) Current assets and fixed assets b) Current assets and capital c) Current assets and long term liabilities d) Current liabilities and long term liabilities e) Current liabilities and fixed assets.

Operational plans Essay

The Office Assistant is a retail throw in that sells office products and services. As a store manager of one of these 25 stores, I deplete made this operational plan to grow the services component of our business in the next cardinal months. 1. Business Goal. The business goal of this operational plan is to outgrowth services sales by 10% by June 2014. 2. Objectives The objectives of this operational plan are Introducing bare-assed services. Acquisition of new equipments. Improving staff skills. 3. Strategy 1 The following strategies are proposed for achieving the objectives Recruitment of new employees corrupt new equipmentsReorganize the space in the store Training for current and new employees 4. Key actions Action 1 Recruitments 2 Person responsible 3 Andy Wang- Store Manager David Smith- pitying resourcefulness Manager Timeline 4 From 01. 02. 2014. On-going. calculate Detail Amount Comments Retail Assistances Wage $6000/ work calendar week Six full measure equivalent retail assistances Full time and part time hours Permanent and casual feed levels$14-$20 per hour(plus 25% loading for casual employees. The amount is based on 40 hours per week and is the maximum amount. Graphic Designers Wage $5000/week Four full time equivalent graphic designersFull time and part time hours Permanent and casual Pay level $22-$25 per hour(plus 25% loading for casual employees. The amount is based on 40 hours per week and is the maximum amount. Total $11000/week alternative requirements pick fount Details Time required People Store manager Human resource manager Human resource represents One day per week till the end of recruitments. Facilities Meeting room. One day per week till the end of recruitments. Stationery such as pen, paper and notebooks One day per week till the end of recruitments. Action 2 New equipments 5 Person responsible 6 Andy Wang- Store ManagerPeter Lee- Finance Manager Timeline forward 01. 12. 2013 Budget Detail Amount Comments Printers $10000 Five new printers Photocopiers $5000 Five new photocopiers Van $40000 One new van Total $55000 imaging requirements Resource type Details Time required People Store manager Store manager assistance Finance manager 1 day permeate up week till the end of this task. Facilities Store manager office 1 day perk week till the end of this task. Computers 1 day perk week till the end of this task. Telephone 1 day perk week till the end of this task. Car 1 day perk week till the end of this task. Action 3 Reorganization of store space7 Person responsible 8 Andy Wang- Store Manager Timeline Before 01. 12. 2013 Budget Detail Amount Comments Tables $2000 New tables for printers and photocopiers. Tools $500 Tools to move the shelves. Labor $10000 The payment for reorganize the store space after work hours. Total $12000 Resource requirements Resource type Details Time required People Store manager Store employees 1 week before the deadline. Facilities Tools such as spanners to relocate the shelves. 1 week. Forklift 1 week. Store 1 week Action 4 Training 9 Person responsible 10 Andy Wang- Store Manager 11 David Smith- Human Resource ManagerTimeline From 01. 11. 2013, on-going. Budget Detail Amount Comments Course content $5000 Purchase course content including facilitator guide and student workbook from sales preparation provider. Catering $4000 Morning tea, lunch and afternoon tea to be provided. Training fee $10000 The payment for the trainer from external. Total $19000 Resource requirements Resource type Details Time required People Store manager Store employees One day per month until 30. 06. 2014 Facilities Meeting room One day per month until 30. 06. 2014 Data projector and laptop One day per month until 30. 06. 2014 5. KPIsRecruit ten full time equivalent employees, six retail assistants and four graphic designers from 1. 02. 2014 to 30. 06. 2014. Buy five new printers and photocopiers and one new van before 1. 12. 2013. Complete the reorganization of store space before 1. 12. 2013. All current and new employees have to be training courses more than 90% during their allocation time. All current and new employees have to get at least 80 grades on the sample after each training. All graphic designers must have at least 3 years working experience. 6. Contingency Plans Identified Risk Solutions meagre budget for recruitmentsHire employees with less experiences. Insufficient budget for equipments Buy cheaper brands or even a second hand van. Otherwise, rent a van at first few months. No enough time for reorganize store space. Increase working hours or hire external labors. Employees cant attend training for unexpected reasons. Record the training course and people can learn it by themselves at home. 7. Outcome The Outcome of this operational plan is to increase services sales by 10% by June 2014. 8. Approvals Name Position Date approved Signature Jenny Holland General manager David Smith Human Resource Manage Peter Lee Finance Manager A ndy Wang Store Manager

Implicit and Explicit Learning: Two Different Systems?

Implicit and diaphanous erudition Two contrary schemes? Implicit and declared tuition methods have been empirically well-tried over many years and the debate still goes on, ar they connected to one another or argon they devil separate forms? This essay aims to evaluate studies on both sides and come to a finish based on current research. Implicit acceptedness was maiden defined as, how one develops intuitive knowledge about the underlying structure of a complex stimulus environment, without a conscious effort (Reber, 1967).This in Lehmans terms is essentially unconscious discipline, meaning that certain(a) things are learned without our outlook world actively used to learn them. Explicit learning on the other hand is defined by Mathers et al (1989) as being very similar to the conscious problem solving processes, this is because our brain attempts to form a mental re rescueation of the task and searches memory for prior knowledge before testing mental models of tas k performance. Grant & Berg (1948) conveyed just how clear unuttered learning is when they created the Wisconsin card-sorting test (WCST).The participants had to categorize cards but were not told how to categorize them, but only if it was right or wrong. After a few tries the participants were adequate to successfully match the cards to the right categories however when asked why they could not explain why they matched the card to that category, showing that this learning was done unspokenly and is inviolable to explain how they came to that conclusion. A clear example of explicit learning is when a child is learning their math timetables because they are consciously participating in a new learning exercise.Cleeremans & Jimenez (2002) describes unuttered-explicit learning as a continuum whereas Aizenstein et al (2004) suggests that polar areas of the brain are active during different types of learning. As thither are different types of learning, there are also different typ es of memory and learning and memory are inextricably linked with one another. Therefore neurologists and psychologists have argued that if there are 2 separate systems of memory then surely, as memory and learning are so intimately interlinked, learning must also have a similar system (Kihlstrom, Dorfman & Park, 2007).Grammar learning has being at the centre of the majority of research as the human brain deciphers grammar through both memory and learning. This was shown in Reber (1967) study or artificial grammar learning, where he presented participants with a string of artificial sentences that have been created by using a complex set of grammatical rules. Reber cogitate that while all the sentences across both groups technically made no sense, participants identified that there was a set of grammatical rules behind the sentences.When the sentences changed and some were grammatically correct and some were not, participants knew that there was something wrong about the sentence however they could not explain what this was. This is because the participants were unconsciously learning the set of rules while reading the sentence. During different types of learning, different areas of the brain become active and have increased blood flow, this presents a solid platform for a multiple system view of learning in humans.This debate has been discussed in the context of memory as well as learning systems. Goschke (1998) provides evidence for this when he studied the implicit learning of move orders. Goschke discovered, through brain imaging, that different domain-specific areas of the brain became active during motor sequence learning, areas that suggest the different areas of the brain become active through one learning task. Consequently proposing the theory for independent learning systems.This theory was reinforced when Aizenstein (2004) used modern technology in the form of fMRI scans to measure regional brain activity during concurrent implicit and explicit sequence learning, this study found that brain activity was very similar in both types of learning. With the visual mantle and the striatum showing activity in both conditions, however the main difference betwixt the conditions was direction of activation change in the visual cortex. In the implicit condition the visual particle had a negative ? indicating a reduced response related with the learning trials. The prefrontal cortex was also hited up more in the explicit condition. Although Aizenstein found a difference in the regional brain activity, there was also an overlap in activity in the two conditions, replicating the findings of Willingham, Salidis & Gabrieli (2002) and Schendan, Searl, Melrose & Stern (2003). There has been evidence found in studies on amnesia patients that strongly suggests that implicit and explicit memory is two very stigmatiseable systems.Levy, Stark & Squire (2004) discovered that, through a series of experiments on memory-impaired patients, impl icit priming (the identification of an item is improved from an earlier encounter) is still sacrosanct in the patients. However new priming proves to be difficult for them. This is due to damage to the hippocampus and other related structures in the medial temporal lobe whence amnesiacs find a task difficult if it depends on the linking of unrelated items.As there are many models of multiple learning systems that have being empirically tested over the years, this has become the most commonly accepted model of learning. This is also due to modern technology such as fMRI also reinforcing certain factors that suggest a multiple system view, as Aizenstein (2004) showed. Consequently not many researchers take it on themselves to go against the majority and opt to research a singular system view of learning. However, scorn a small amount of valid research on this topic, there is still substantial evidence that prolongs this debate.Cleermans & Jimenez (2002) present research that indica tes the learning process is not two separate systems of implicit and explicit learning, but that it is a continuum. This continuum runs from weak learning, implicit learning, along to strong learning, explicit learning, therefore proposing learning not as two separate systems but as a single loop of learning. Perruchet & Amorim (1992) ran a series of experiments on sequence learning and the effect of conscious knowledge on changes in performance.Through these experiments they concluded that, although many claims have being made for dissociations between learning systems, Perruchet & Amorim regarded these as groundless. essence that although there might have been experiments created to thoroughly test the hypotheses, Perruchet & Amorim argued that these tests failed to provide reliable empirical support for dissociation. Stanton & Nosofsky (2007) also provided evidence against the multiple learning systems hypothesis.In this study, Stanton & Nosofsky aimed to reverse the dissociatio ns already established by Reber (1967) and Goshke (1998). He aimed to do this to demonstrate how the earlier studies failed to provide solid evidence for a dissociation, by reversing the dissociation Stanton & Nosofsky showed just how invalid the previous results were. They concluded that a better research strategy would be to create more fully specified versions of both multiple and single system models of learning therefore being able to evaluate them more wholly.Another key point raised by Willingham & Goedert-Eschmann (1999) is that despite learning being a multiple system, there is evidence for a single system connection. They provide evidence that connects the two systems by parallel learning. When a participant is explicitly learning a sequence, their implicit knowledge of the task is improving alongside explicit learning, consequently signifying a connection between the two systems.Willingham & Goedert-Eschmann focused this research on the parallelism of the two structures a s little research had been done on this theory because of the amount of researchers focusing their resources on the separability of the two systems. In evaluation, the literature reviewed in this essay has being quite compelling, with the majority of research on a multiple system view of learning it seems to be the most widely accepted theory despite no concluding evidence. As there has been a vast amount of research on a multiple system view, there is little on a single system view thus making it hard to evaluate both systems fairly.Despite this, using the literature I have discovered, a conclusion can be made that there is more evidence for a multiple system of learning. Especially in neurophysiology shown by Aizensteins (2004) results from the fMRI scans did show some slight differences in brain activity when different tasks were presented that required implicit and explicit knowledge/learning. On the other hand Cleermans & Jimenez (2002) suggest that there are slight differences , similar to Aizenstein (2004), however this is due to a singular system in the form of a continuum.As memory and learning are closely connected and there has being different types of memory established, short-term memory and long term memory, there has been many researchers looking for a link between memories and learning processes. As learning is defined as the process of laying down some sort of memory trace, there is no reason to risible that different memory systems will be able to identify certain categories of learning (Ashby & Maddox, 2005). Despite all of the research up to date, no single penning of research has been able to show that different types of memory and learning are directly linked to one another.However Ashby and Maddox did conclude that different memory types (for example arresting and primary memory, short term and long term memory) could identify different categories of learning consequently suggesting that more research needs doing into this phenomenon. Willingham & Goedert-Eschmann (1999) provided an raise explanation of the learning system, they hinted at two separate systems of learning, an implicit system and a completely separate explicit system, that were connected. This was through parallel learning.For example as we explicitly learn a sequence, our implicit system is learning concurrently with our explicit system. Providing evidence for a new theory that, although they are two separate systems, they still work together. Finally, judging from the research that has being done, a conclusion can be made that although the majority of literature out there is focusing on try to separate the two systems and support the multiple system theory of learning, there are still unanswered dubiousnesss that have arisen from research.Cleermans & Jimenez (2002) provide a very interesting approach to these theories and propose an idea of a learning continuum, this question is still unanswered 10 years after the theory was proposed. Willingh am & Goedert-Eschmann (1999) also have an foreplay into this debate, they suggest that while explicit and implicit learning systems are separate, they are still constantly synchronized because whilst we are explicitly learning something, our implicit system is working to store the knowledge so we do not need to consciously engage our brains next time we come across the same or similar problem.The final question that is still unanswered is a debate that has gone on for decades, is learning and memory connected? The final answer to that question is yes, yes it is however researchers are still looking into whether certain types of learning go to certain areas of the brain to be stored as memory or whether memory types cannot distinguish category learning. In conclusion, from current research, the most widely accepted theory is that there are multiple learning systems and that it is not a singular system for both explicit and implicit learning.References Aizenstein, H. J. , Stenger, V. A. , Cochran, J. , Clark, K. , Johnson, M. , Nebes, R. D. , & Carter, C. S. (2004). Regional Brain Activation during Concurrent Implicit and Explicit Sequence encyclopaedism. Oxford diarys Life Sciences & Medicines, Cerebral Cortex, 14(2), 199-208 Ashby, F. G. , & Maddox, W. T. (2005). Human Category Learning. yearly Review of Psychology, 56, 149-178. Cleeremans, A. , & Jimenez, L. (2002). Implicit Learning and consciousness A graded, dynamic perspective. In R. M. French & A.Cleeremans (Eds. ), Implicit Learning and Consciousness (p1-40) Hove UK Psychology Press. Goschke, T. (1998) Implicit learning of perceptual and motor sequences Evidence for independent systems, in Handbook of Implicit Learning (Stadler, M. A. and Frensch, P. , eds), pp. 401444, Sage Publications. Grant, D. A. , & Berg, E. (1948). A behavioral analysis of degree of reinforcement and ease of geological fault to new responses in Weigl-type card-sorting problem. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 38, 404411. L evy, D. , Stark, C. & Squire, L. 2004). Intact Conceptual Priming in the Absence of Declarative Memory. Psychological Science, 15(10), 680-686 Kihlstrom, J. , Dorfman, J. , & Park, L. (2007). Implicit and Explicit Memory and Learning. Retrieved November 6th, 2012, from http//ist-socrates. berkeley. edu/kihlstrm/IandMLandM. htm Mathers, R. C. , Buss, B. B. , Stanley, W. B. , Blanchard-Fields, F. , Cho, J. R. , & Druhan, B. (1989). Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning, Memory and Cognition, 15(6), 1083-1100. Perruchet, P. , & Amorim, M. (1992). Conscious knowledge and changes in performance in sequence learning evidence against dissociation. Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition, 18, 785-800. Reber, A. S. (1967). Implicit learning of artificial grammars. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behaviour, 77, 312-327. Schendan, H. E. , Searl, M. M. , Melrose, R. J. , & Stern, C. E. (2003). An fMRI study of the role of the medial temporal lobe in implicit and explicit sequence learning. Neuron 37(6),10131025. Stanton, R. , & Nosofsky, R. (2007).Feedback interference and dissociations of classification Evidence against the multiple-learning-systems hypothesis. Journal of Memory & Cognition, 35(7), 1747-1758. Willingham, D. B. , & Goedert-Eschmann, K. (1999). The Relation Between Implicit and Explicit Learning Evidence for tally Development. Psychological Science, 10(6), 531-534. Willingham, D. B. , Salidis, J. , & Gabrieli, J. D. (2002). Direct comparison of neural systems mediating conscious and unconscious skill learning. Journal of Neurophysiology, 88(3), 14511460.

Romeo and Juliet – Guilty Deaths

Deaths The Shakespearian play Romeo and Juliet is a well known story about star-crossed lovers whose fates end in tragedy. The deaths of these two lovers can be held responsible on two main sheaths, friar Lawrence and the carry yet out of the two, who is much liable? Friar Lawrence is a priest who marries the two lovers, gives Juliet a fake potion to prevent her from marrying Paris, fails to send the letter to Romeo telling him about his plan and egotisticly runs away from Juliet in fear that he would trip up into trouble for his involvement.The Nurse is Juliets lifelong caregiver who helps Juliet and her lover render married, becomes their messenger and later on in the play, changes her mind on who Juliet should be with. The strong-arm actions and guidance of two(prenominal) the Friar and Nurse demonstrate their liability for the deaths of Romeo and Juliet. Although, it is undeniable that Friar Lawrence is more to blame than the Nurse on the deaths of Romeo and Juliet throu gh his guidance, advice and physical actions throughout the play.In the play, Romeo and Juliet are very young and constantly seek advice and guidance of people older and supposedly wiser than them, like Friar Lawrence and the Nurse. What is unclear to them is that the advice and guidance that they receive comes with many consequences, and for Romeo and Juliet, it is death. Throughout the ancestry of the Shakespearian play, Friar Lawrence gives the couple a lot of advice and guidance. To avoid marrying Paris, he tells Juliet to pretend to be dead with the help of a special potion he made.As articulation of the plan, he was supposed to inform Romeo of this arrangement yet he fails which later costs him his own life along with Juliets. Come Ill dispose of thee/ Among a sisterhood of holy nuns/ Stay not to question, for the watch is coming/ Come, go good Juliet. I dare no longer stay/ (Shakespeare 5. 3 155) demonstrates how selfish he was as he left the Capulet tomb and let Juliet ki ll herself instead of attempting to help her. By letting her die alongside Romeo, he is more responsible for their deaths. The second character that holds responsibility for the deaths of Romeo and Juliet through her advice to Juliet is the Nurse.Throughout, the Nurse seems to admire Romeo. She praises him for his love for Juliet and seems to be fond of their marital union. After Atabani 2 a heated discussion amidst Lady Capulet, Capulet and Juliet about whether or not she should marry Paris, she changes her mind about Romeo and their marriage. She believes that because he is exiled from Verona that he should be dead to Juliet. Romeo is banished, and all the introduction to nothing. That he dares neer come back to challenge you. Or, if he do, it needs must be by stealth. Then, since the case so stands as now it doth.I appreciate it best you married with the county. Oh, hes a lovely gentleman. Romeos a dishclout to him. An eagle, madam, Hath not so green, so quick, so fair an eye As Paris hath. Beshrew my very heart. I think you are happy in this second match. For it excels your first. Or if it did not. Your first is dead, or twere as good he were. As living here and you no use of him (3. 5 88) All through the play, it is clear that the Nurse is a very mother like character to Juliet therefore when she gave Juliet advice on who to marry, the Nurse was attempting to advocate bigamy.This upsets Juliet and because of the advice the Nurse gives her, she goes to Friar Lawrence in seek of a remedy for her aching heart. Although both(prenominal) the Nurse and Friar Lawrence whitethorn have seemed to have good intentions in giving advice to Romeo and Juliet about their star-crossed love, the Friars words of advice makes him more responsible for their deaths. In Romeo and Juliet, the fulfillment of certain actions leads to the plays sad ending, death. In the play Friar Lawrence is one of the characters whom commits physical acts that makes him responsible for th e deaths of the lovers.Firstly, he marries the two lovers in a secret ceremony with only the Nurse attending. By performing their marriage, he defies their fates and bonds them as star-crossed lovers, which leads to their devastating deaths. After, the Friars realization of their forbidden love he states In one respect Ill thy assist be/ For this alliance may so happy prove/ To turn your households rancor to pure love (2. 3 46). He marries them against Atabani 3their families in hopes that he may end the feud that divides the Capulets and the Montagues.By creating a marital union between the Juliet and Romeo, the Friar creates more hatred between the families that builds up to the conclusion. By marrying them, the Friar makes himself more accountable for the suicides of Romeo and Juliet. The second character who is physically liable for the deaths of the star crossed lovers is the Nurse. After the Prince exiles Romeo to Mantua for murdering Tybalt, the Nurse plays a messenger role , in which she continuously goes back and forth between the two lovers. She helps them be Atabani 3 ogether even though she knows that both the Capulets and Montagues would disapprove. The Nurse would also constantly bring news from Romeo to Juliet about their blooming love and later, their marriage. Now, afore God, I am so vexed that every part about me quivers. Scurvy knave Pray you, sir, a word And as I told you my young brothel keeper bid me inquire you out. What she bade me say, I will keep to myself. But first let me tell ye, if ye should lead her into a fools enlightenment as they say, it were a very gross kind of behavior, as they say.For the brothel keeper is young, and therefore, if you should deal double with her, truly it were an ill thing to be offered to any gentlewoman and very weak dealing (2. 4 53) are the words of The Nurse while she is explaining to Romeo about her role as a messenger between both Juliet and Romeo. If the Nurse had considered what would happen t o this couple, she may not have wanted to become their messenger and risk their lives like she did. As a result of both the Friar and the Nurses involvement physically they can both be held accountable for the deaths of the lovers, yet it is evident that Friar Lawrence can be considered more responsible.Through his guidance, advice and physical actions throughout the play, it is undeniable that Friar Lawrence is more to blame than the Nurse on the deaths of Romeo and Juliet. The Shakespearian play Romeo and Juliet written in 1590 explores many different themes including fate, love and death. The deaths of the protagonists Romeo and Juliet can be blamed on the physical actions, guidance and advice of both the Friar and Nurse. This later demonstrates who is more responsible for the deaths of Romeo and Juliet.The Nurses actions, advice and assistance includes helping the lovers get their marriage, becoming their messenger and later on in the play and changing her overall idea about the marriage between Juliet and Romeo. The actions, guidance and advice that Friar Lawrence administrates to both Romeo and Juliet include marrying the two lovers, giving Juliet the potion, failing to send the letter to Romeo in time and selfishly running away from Juliet in fear that he would get into trouble for his involvement make him more responsible than the Nurse.

Benefits Of Text Messaging For Children Essay

It turns out that text pass positively affects a childs literacy and, in fact may even improve it, according to a new study conducted by a Coventry University in Britain.The University researchers involved a group of 88 children between the ages of 10 and 12, for their study. Their goal was to figure out what argon the effects of text messaging on childrens communication skills. all in all the kids were given 10 different scenarios and were asked to write text kernels about them, describing each situation.The textisms were divided into categories such as shortenings, contractions, symbols, acronyms, and non-conventional spellings, and examined for the use of the language in comparison with the cultivate performance. When the researchers comp atomic number 18d later the number of text messages being used, with a different research that focused on the reading ability of children, they disc everyplaceed that those kids who used more textisms move out to be much better readers. The follow-up study and its preliminary results revealed that textism rather improved literacy than had a harmful effect.The alarming warnings in the media are ground on selected anecdotes but in fact when analyzing the examples of text speak in essays experts were non able to find many of them, according to the researchers. In opposite, students appeared to completely agnise when they were making contractions and taking the shortcuts, that are very common in text conversations. In addition, when asked to write something in a serious way, the kids were able to put those textisms aside. The kids are actually taking the whole language to a new level, even if critics do not agree with it and say that it is not the right one.Basically, every nerve and intonation that are being used during normal conversation, has to be inserted in a text message, however in roughly cases young people who commit SMS-s on a regular basis, seduce no time to do so. Instead, they start using abbreviation s, which allow them to write even the most complex and eagle-eyed phrases and expressions with only a few letters or intelligence services. One way to achieve this is just removing all the vowels from a word, leaving only consonants. With practice, words that at a first glance seem like a mess, and message with no sense, shag actually turn out to be quite unprejudiced to understand.The experts also wrote that the association between text messaging and phonological awareness has been found during their study. Dr. Beverly Plester and her colleagues at the Coventry University believe that when the kids are exposed to the text that is base mostly on phonetics, they are better improving their literary skills. According to the researchers phonological awareness has been associated with good reading skills for a long time. This way kids are using more written language and it is a great fun for them.The experts acknowledge the fact that in any case no final conclusions can be yet made, and say that their study does not claim that text messaging plays a major role in childrens ability of word reading. However, they say that the experience and skill can contribute to the prediction of their word reading ability, and that messaging skills deserve additional study.In the conclusion, the researchers added that no link so far was found between the use of text conversations and the spelling abilities of all the study participants. This suggests that, as anticipated, at this stage of development there is no shew of a detrimental effect of textisms exposure on conventional spelling, they stated in their report. And no matter what is the case, it is becoming more of an accepted fact that texting is incomplete hurting children, nor it makes them any dumber, or kills the English language.The results of the study are published in the British Journal of Developmental Psychology.AdvantagesText messaging is a non-voice communication tool that enables a user to send short messa ges to another user. The service is available on all modern phones.Text messaging has some advantages over other means of communication.Cheaper Sending a text message is less expensive than placing a regular phone call or video call. enroll keeping A person can easily deny or misrepresent the information you gave them on a phone call, but when you send a text message, it is stored in your sent items, while for the find oneselfr, it is available in their inbox. It is a good way to keep record and remember contents of a conversation. orient economy Text messaging is more efficient in terms of managing service signals. Text messaging uses less amounts of service signals than phone occupational group, video calling and/or email, which may require the availabilty of at least 3G.Discretion Text messaging is a good alternative in situations where phone calling is not appropriate, for example, during a meeting, or you dont want others to hear your conversations.Mild interruption Unlike a r egular phone call, you can respond to a text message at your convenience. A phone call demands your immediate response whether it is convenient for you or not.Reduces unneeded talk time Text messaging reduces the amount of time spent talking. A phone call could lead to unnecessary talks, but with a text message, you go straight to the point. Most phones have t9 text input which enhances speed typing.Read more http//www.mobiletechnologybits.blogspot.com/2013/01/advantages-of-text-messaging.htmlDisadvantagesText messaging facilitates the exchange of short messages. Text messaging can serve as a substitute to phone calling, could be used in a remote control system, participation in a contest, service requests, advertising, and so forth. However, text messaging has some disadvantages.Limited storage There is a limit to the number of text messages that could be stored in the phone. If your inbox gets full, your phone can no longer receive anymore messages unless you delete some of them. If your SIM card or phone goes bad, you could lose your messages, if not backed up. However, some service providers have deployed a way nigh this, for example, Glo SMS4Ever.Length Text messaging when the content is lengthy is not convenient. A page of a text message could contain 160, 140 or 70 characters including spaces depending on the bit of the characters. Although you can send a multi-page text message, the higher the number of pages, the higher the probability of delivery failure.Content A text message is what it is it can contain only text. It does not support other media, including videos, pictures, melodies or animations. To be able to send a multimedia message, you must use raise Messaging Service (EMS) or MMS.Not suitable in emergencies In situations that require immediate response, text messaging may not be the most viable option.Security issues Gartner has recommended that confidential messages shouldnt be sent using the regular consumer SMS as the contents of a comm on text message could be seen by the networks systems and personnel.Not applicable to certain physically disadvantaged persons For example, a blind person cannot read the contents of a text message on a phones regular display.Read morehttp//www.mobiletechnologybits.blogspot.com/2013/01/disadvantages-of-text-messaging.html http//www.mobiletechnologybits.blogspot.com/2013/01/advantages-of-text-messaging.html

King Kong: Doomed Love between Beauty and the Beast

In 1933, Merian C. Cooper and Ernest B. Schoedsack gave birth to angiotensin converting enzyme of the universes most famous movie icons, fag Kong. All across the globe, this story is known as the beast that falls in love with beauty, and ultimately meets his fate at the foundation of the empire verbalize building. Adrift in the depression era Ann Darrow, an actress, finds her calling with a film crew leaving to break off the mysterious uncharted Skull Island.Not knowing what they will encounter, they set forth in their expeditions the crew discovers a land of creatures only heard of in fairy tales, while Ann discovers her affections for the beast that captured her and her heart. King Kongs been rewritten many times over the decades, and none has been comparable until the 2005 universal picture production of the film, directed by beak capital of Mississippi. There has been some controversy surrounding the new version of this American timepiece.Some say it is get out than the clear, while others will not stray from the original. Peter Jackson tried to stay as neighboring to the traditional theme as possible, but we cannot fight the fact that our ending has changed drastically in the utmost(a) seventy-eight years. Therefore asking the question, What side ar you on, classic or modern? First, we cannot tell the classic tale of forbidden love without our heroine. In two films, Ann Darrow is played by a charming actress whose tantalizing beauty bewitches the beast into docility.However, in the original King Kong our heroine (Fay Wray) plays the prototypical portion of the damsel in distress, which in the early 1930s was a common part for the female protagonist. The main objective for women were to play the instrumental role, making the male seem superior, until the rise of the feminist deed women seldom played the lead role in films. The feminist movement and empirical science arose together in 1848, and upon their awakening there came a curious not ion, are women indwellingly that different from men?As neutrality was beginning to surface, the feminist movement began to center their attentions on capsizing legal equality, this being the first fluctuate of the feminist movement. The second wave hit in the 1960s, promoting equal rights and abolishing gender favoritism in economic, political, legal, and social structures. With all this said, women began to take initiative, no longer inquireing to be rescued, similar to Wattss rendition of Ann Darrow in the 2005 edition.Ann (Naomi Watts) is compassionate and impertinent even though she is terrified of Kong, she stays collect, assessing the situation she takes matters into her own hands, instead of waiting to be liberated. Films and media are an extremely salutary force in our society, and now that women are given the opportunity to play dominant roles in movies, these selected ladies expertness start to revolutionize stacks ideas about women in films. crimson though it may ta ke much because just women being lead characters, it is a big jump from them being portrayed as the characters they were just years ago The pretrial of our beautiful young actress is not the only significant difference in contrast to the films, also the relationship between beauty and the beast has changed. In the vein of the most autocratic tropical cyclone, Kong comes ripping through the forest obliterating all obstacles in his path, assaulting his way to the sacrificial alter where his crack awaits him.When Kong reaches his benevolence, he is immediately taken back. Mystified, by this strange creature with blonde hair and pale completion, totally different from the indigenous dark skin girls he is use too. Through the eager beat of the 1933 production, the flavorous actress (Fey Wray) spends most of her time screaming her guts out while in the company of her savage feller never becoming at ease with him, she makes no attempt at emotional interaction. Kong is portrayed as an unintelligent beast, protecting Darrow like a dog would his bone, unlike the 2005 Kong.This version of the oversize anthropoid has more of a connection with Ann. She senses his intelligence, reaching out to him, and risking his rebuttal, she shows Kong she is unafraid. Anns compassion towards Kong tied their bond so wicked that Kong will stop at nothing to keep her in his grasp. Even down to his last moments on top of the Empire State building, they are so connected that Ann trusts him full heartedly. Sitting in the ease of her protectors clutch, her eyes reflecting the tenderness she feels for him Kong seems to know his era of dynasty is ending.He wants to have these last minutes to breathe in the only source of pleasure he has known in a life-time of loneliness, for this brief moment, he is at peace. Peter Jacksons rendition of the relationship between Ann and Kong signifies the one human being who set aside the outer shell of this ample creature and looked inside his spir it finding a friend that would freely give his life to keep her safe. This is a lesson we as a nation could take into practice when dealing with others in our current state of destitution.The 1930s was a ludicrous period, with our country in the state of The Great Depression, Cooper and Schoedsack had their hands full. They had to create something compelling enough that people would spend their needed money on a movie ticket. Cooper and Schoedsack did just that, they fashioned Kong merely for the 1930s audience giving them their sense of wonder back. Bring their story to life they constructed conglomerate scenes never captured on film before, when the dinosaurs head breaks through the lake and starts to devour the crew, the audience was blow away.The technology was extraordinary, the claymation creatures were shockingly realistic, and the dinosaurs wobbly movement, posture, and behavior exemplified the scientific inquiry of the time. Through the creativity of stop motion photogra phy and various filming advancements, the monsters animator was able to take an 18-inch puppet and transform it into Kong, the eighth wonder of the world. Jackson recreates King Kong using the advancements of todays technology utilizing his skill with CGI graphics, he is able to bring Kong to life.The complexity of the effects is spectacular from the dinosaur stampede to Kongs battle with the T-Rex, the digital artwork is breathtaking. There is no doubt Jackson did his homework in recreating the tragic tale of Kong and with the use of modern technical innovations he won the black Maria of many Kong fans. Jacksons obvious love for the original King Kong is apparent in his retread of the film he did a magnificent job in the retelling of the story and appealing to todays audience.The debate between the superior version of King Kong will forever continue, but we also need to take into consideration the era in which both films were created. The original was timeless, culturally set fo r its 1933 audience, when American culture was at its turning point. The era of silent movies were ending, at the same time The Great Depression was starting, delivery change in the production of films. Films began to reach out to the audience sending the message that everything will be all right.While the modern version changes to appeal to todays audience, with all the progression in technology it is getting harder and harder to get the wow feeling needed to accomplish the same affect the 1933 Kong inspired. Even with all of todays glorious special effects, it remains inculcate to the story of Darrow and Kong. However, the special effects are essential in the painting of the story, showing the magnitude of the doomed love between beauty and beast. There are many beautiful qualities about each film, and instead of choosing a side, take pleasure in what both have to offer to our culture.

Article About Love Essay

Country, Location, & Flag The name of my country that I am researching is Poland. Poland is located in the plaza of Europe, on the North European Plain. It is bordered by the Baltic sea to the North and Northwest. By Germany to the West, by Ukraine, Belarus. Russia and Lithuania to the east and northeast and by Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south. In general, Poland mountainous in the south with the terrain worthy increasingly flatter toward the north. The flag is just two colors. White on top and red on the bottom.Climate The climate in Poland is determined mainly by the countrys geographical location. Poland is in the temperate latitudes. The norm annual temperature in Poland is more or less 8C/46F and varies for the regions of Poland depending on height above sea level and distance from the Baltic Sea. In the summer, for instance, temperatures are wretcheder in northern Poland because of the Baltic Sea. The lowest temperatures are in the mountains and the richlyest are in the western and central Poland. Poland sees an bonnie annual rainf completely of 600 millimeters. The highest precipitation is in the mountains and uplands and the lowest occurs in the central, lowland areas of Poland. On the average, precipitation in summer is twice that in the winter.In the summer months of June, July and August, showers alternate with dry, sunny weather and the temperature averages about 18C/64F the maximum summer temperature is 40C/104F. Early autumn is in general sunny and warm before a period of rainy, colder weather in November begins the transition into winter. Winter, which may start one to three months, is cold and cloudy and brings frequent snowstorms but relatively low total precipitation. The average temperature in January is about -4C/25F but it can fall as low as -35C/-31F.pring arrives slowly in April, bringing mainly sunny mean solar days.Read more try About LoveEconomic & Political System Poland has a free market economy. As for the p ol system, Poland is a country with a republican political system in which power is concentrated in the citizens hands. Poland is a parliamentary democracy which means that all citizens can participate in persuasion the state and have a constitutionally guaranteed influence on its fate. They also enjoy come to rights.Major Trading Partners Major trading partners would have to be, Germany, France, United Kingdom, Italy, & Czech Republic.Unique Characteristic and congenital Recourses Well Poland has beautiful mountains, and one really unique thing I wish well is that the weddings last about three days. Natural resources of Poland are coal, sulfur, copper, natural gas, silver, salt, etc.Custom & Cultural Info When greeting somebody a good handshake, direct eye contact, a smile and the appropriate greeting for that time of day will suffice. Do not use first names until invited to. Moving from the use of formal to the cosy names is such an important step. When it comes to eating mo st meals are served family-style, and always try a slit of everything. Alcohol is also usually poured in a small glass.Quality Of life Compare To U.S I dont really see a big difference. In both countries people work, go to school, and do the usual.Currency & Language & Exchange Rate v USD The currency is zloty and the exchange rate is 0.31 US dollar.National Foods & How To Say Hello Most popular dish in Poland would have to be pierogi which is my all time favorite Bigos, kielbasa, golabki are also very popular and yummy as well Anyways to hypothesise hello in polish you simply say, czescEducational Opportunities ,Current unemployment Rate , tone Expectancy & GDP Education is a little different then here in the US. You start pip with kindergarten and it goes all the way up to 8th grade and you stay with your class all 8 years, so you never have brisk kids in your classes. Then from 8th grade you go to a different school to start high school which is 4 years and once you have you r class in 9th you stay with them till 12th. Its a bit confusing but still pretty simple. As for unemployment rate, the currency is 14% life history expectancy is 76.25 years and the GDP is 514.5 billion USD.Major Sports & Famous People/ Inventions They play different sports give care basketball and volleyball but of course the major one is SOCCER My favorite( As for inventions the bulletproof invest was in fact created by a Polish inventor called Jan Szczepanik in 1901. The vest was made of triple layers of silk that were specifically woven so that they could stop bullets. The invention turned out be quite roaring and the cloth used in the vest passed the practical test when it prevented the assassination of the Spanish king Alfonso XIII. Family LifeThey usually just live like we would in the US. Once you are married you go off with your husband and if you have kids then you just stay in a home with them obviously not really anything different or unusualForeign Trade/ Exports & Imports Im not surely if Poland has more exports or imports because It kind of balances out. Most of Polands imports are capital goods needed for industrial retooling and manufacturing inputs like machinery. Poland exports fruits, vegetables, and dairy products.

Gender Project

Today more than than ever, brings be incredibly gendered, and send highly gendered messages to the children who play with them about what an appraisall male or effeminate looks like, acts like, and how he or she lives their life. This project aims to look at the focal points in which toys ar so gendered (based on one trip to a Toys R us store in Greensboro, North Carolina) and to describe the gendering of toys by means of three sociological perspectives.Section One- Observations In this particular Toys R us, Items were displayed In segregated zones meaning that there were genuinely clear areas that were for girls toys and separate, very clear areas that were for boys toys. From far away, these sections could be easily distinguished from one an opposite by the headings above each of the aisles that held the toys. On the left grimace of the store, the signs hanging above the aisles read- Star Wars, Action Figures, and Sports, respectively. On the right side of the store the aisles were marked- Dolls, Dolls, and Pretend Play.Clearly the toys on the right side of the store were meant for girls, and the left side toys were meant for boys. The segregated zones were in addition easily distinguishable at a glance by the packaging and innovation f the toys on their shelves. Boys toys were packaged In more stereotypical masculine colors- red, blue, grey, and black. Further, all the boxes containing boys toys portrayed sev durationl(prenominal) sort of motion or action on the boxes. The action portrayed was intimately always idle In one way or an otherwise a tank moving, a fist or bullet flying with the air, etceteraGirls toys, by contrast, were packaged completely antitheticly. The boxes for girls toys were pink. Purple, covered in glitter and sparkles, and almost all had light, feminine language on them- words like magical, sparkly, and princess, o name a few. Toys R us selection of Nerd- brand toys are an excellent example of how using different pac kaging and foundation for fundamentally the same item can be intemperately gendered. Being a toy whose conception is rooted in violence, Nerd toys are typically for boys. However, Nerd recently released a line of toy weapons for girls called Rebelled.All the Rebelled toys are pink or purple with flowers and glitter on them to make them appear more feminine, and they withal have very girl names, such as Heartbreak Bow, Diamonds, Dart Diva, Femme Fire, Angel Aim, Pink Crush, etc. Even If two Nerd guns of the same make and model were precedeed side-by side, no shopper would have any pain in the ass knowing which one was being merchandiseed to girls and which to boys. This loaded difference in packaging and presentation was also present everything in the store, whether it could carry a perceived gender role or non, was gendered.Instruments, pens and pencils, notebooks, walked-talkies, playing balls, and several other kinds of toys were packaged in ways in which two items that we re essentially the same would be obviously be marketed to one gender or another. Toys hat recreate stereotypical home life are essentially having children play out their societal predetermined future roles. This is seen specifically in the pretend play music genre of toys. These are model replicas of the factualms that children should grow up to occupy.What this means for girls is child-size kitchens and child-size cleaning toys, and baby-dolls. Girls grow up learning through these toys that their place in society is in ho affair and home, cooking, cleaning, and caring for children. The boy versions of these toys are child-size model grills, toolkits, and car-building toys. The brands sign Depot and John Deere both have lines of toys for boys, depicting specifically male things for them to do. Many girl toys also demonstrate that a girl should be heavily focused on keeping herself beautiful.There are a huge amount of toys dedicated to teaching girls how to do the hair, nails, and makeup on their dolls, and most of the dolls marketed to girls all are sold with makeup painted onto their faces. Going even further, the toys also include makeup for the girl to use on herself, teaching girls at an early age that wearing makeup is preferable for women in this society, and loosely necessary for them to be considered beautiful. Additionally, dolls marketed to girls all wear makeup and have the societal accepted standard of beauty.Their bodies are skinny, tall, big-breasted, and completely disconnected with what any real human womans actual body might look like. They convey girls an image to look up to that they will never attain. Boys also face unnaturalistic representations of the human kind in their toys. Action figures marketed to them all have huge muscles, square Jaws, and other features that conform to the societal conceit of the deal male body. Toy companies go even further than giving girls unrealistic body expectations in terms of not working to connect t heir toys to reality.They girls toys section had absolutely no toys that were designed to be replicas of real peck from the real world. Girls had no role models foam reality represented in toys. Boys toys, on the other hand, had several role models represented in their action figures. These men were almost entirely athletes baseball or basketball players, wrestlers or MASCARA drivers (another male-dominated field). These toys teach boys to idealize throng, wealthy, masculine, sometimes violent men, without giving them any more realistic images to aspire to.Section Two- Perspectives Looking at the issue of highly gendered toys through various sociological lenses can return us with several insights on why the toys children play with carry such thinly veiled and heavily stereotyped messages. Through a Symbolic Internationalist lens, toys themselves are symbols used to convey meaning. This paradigm focuses on the role of symbols in resolution and hearty interaction, and argues that society is formed when groups of people all give the same meaning to the same symbols and Greer on how these symbols play into their colonization.Using this paradigm, toys can be regarded as symbols in that in numerous cases they are child versions of adult things, meaning the toy replicas of kitchens, babies, tools, cars, grills, etc. They symbolize the appropriate material symbols in the life that the child will grow in to. Stages of their development, is directing them to live and act in a certain way that society considers ideal. Structural Functionalism dictates that society is a functionally integrated, problem- solving entity.Through this lens, the subject of gendered colonization through toys loud be seen as a developed response to a certain problem. Hypothetically, using toys to teach children how they ought to behave could be a carefully constructed response on behalf of toy manufacturers to the problem of children not being socialized properly. If children were not being socialized to behave in their predetermined manners, this deviance could pose a threat to traditional gender roles in the United States and to keeping things functioning the way they should.The function of the gendered toys could be to keep society working properly in whatever way they could. One last way of looking at the gendering of toys is through a Social Conflict perspective. This perspective conceives the emergence and persistence of social institutions and practices as the consequence of the exercise of power and explains their transformation as the result of conflict between different groups contending for power. In terms of toys and their messages, the two groups contending for power are less groups than they are ideas.One idea would be that people and the gender roles they should occupy should remain the same as theyve been for generations, with omen occupying domestic spheres of society and men occupying globe ones. The idea that battles this one would be a more modern idea that men and women can and should handle the same positions in society. The fact that toys are generally more in line with the former idea shows that that is the side of the battle that is currently Winning, making it the societal norm, at least in the realm of childrens toys.Toys are a constant in the development of children and thus play a large role in their colonization. While some toys teach children positive messages about caring for ACH other, sharing, and other healthy traits, the majority of the child-play market is saturated with heavily gendered and extremely antiquated messages about childrens bodies and looks, traits, roles, behavior, and almost all aspects of their lives.The result of this is generation afterward generation of children who subconsciously take in false information about what it means to be a boy or a girl, a man or a woman. Social behavior is intentional at a young age, and to teach children these outdated gender roles is to freeze our society in an era gone by when we should be advancing toward a more equal world instead.

Leonardo vs. Michelangelo

da Vinci versus Michelangelo Violet Jane Greeley stratagem handle ART 101 Carrie Ann Wills November 13, 2012 Da Vinci versus Michelangelo da Vinci da Vinci and Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Sim atomic tote up 53 sh ared many similarities. Both were pigmenters, sculptors, and poets. They twain had a tendency to leave their lives in issue. Both graphicsists quickly surpassed the talents of their instructors and achieved fame with ease. In addition, both contrivanceists were cognize to have study anatomy by dissecting gracious cadavers (Bambach, 2002) .Together they make up two thirds of the Renaissances three super deviceistic minds of any times, the some other being Raphael. In this paper, I will first give a brief biography of to each one artistic productionist, thusly compare and contrast three works of art by da Vinci with three works of art by Michelangelo, followed by a discussion on how each artist made their own ain influence on the world of art in It aly and atomic number 63 during the 16th coulomb, and provide supporting examples. da Vinci was natural(p) on April 15, 1452 and passed away on May 1, 1519 (Helicon, 2005) .Leonardos first characterization and sculpting instructor was Andrea del Verrocchio, with whom he was apprenticed to and still surpassed in skill (Vasari, 2006) . During his apprenticeship to Verrocchio, Leonardo excelled at many skills including word- moving-picture show, sculpting, architecture, engineering, and mathematics (Vasari, 2006) . Still further, he studied subjects such(prenominal) as botany, geology, geography, zoology, anatomy, hydraulics and mechanics (Kleiner, 2010) .Michelangelo was born on March 6, 1475 and passed away on February 18, 1565 (Jacobs, 1968) . When Michelangelo was fourteen years quondam(a), he was apprenticed to Domenico Ghirlandajo in April, 1488 (Vasari, 2006) (Gombrich, 1995) . in the lead long, Michelangelo excelled in his artistic ability, surpassed his fellow apprentices, and at times counterbalance rivaled his suppresss abilities (Vasari, 2006) . Addition all toldy, he achieved emblematic skills in architecture, poetry, and engineering, just now was to the highest degree fond of sculpting above all else (Kleiner, 2010) .Although Michelangelo wasnt apparently influenced by Ghirlandajo in artistic orders or styles, his attitude and behavior reflected that of his master more prominently by his frequent pageantrys of ready work ethics and an impatient temp date of referencement (Gombrich, 1995) . While under the armorial bearing of Ghirlandajo, Michelangelo carefully analyzed old and new artists and their techniques. These included but werent limited to Giotto, Masaccio, Donatello, Ghiberti, Benedetto da Majano, Mino da Fiesole, Antonio Rossellino and Jacopo della Quercia Rolland (Rolland, 1921) .Florentines whose influence can be seen in Michelangelos works are Giotto and Masaccio (Kleiner, 2010) . A year afterwards his appre nticeship to Ghirlandajo, he was in any case introduced to Bertoldo di Giovanni (who was himself at once a student of Donatello) through Lorenzo the Magnificent, and was instructed on the art of sculpture in the Garden of Medici as surface as being influenced by Lorenzo de Medici (Kleiner, 2010) (Rolland, 1921) .His original excogitation in joining with Giovanni was to benefit experience with the customs duty of Donatello and to enhance his knowledge of antiquities, but the most precious asset Michelangelo acquired from Giovanni was access to and the friendship of the Medici family (Rolland, 1921) . From 1492 to 1494, Michelangelo obtained an extraordinary probability to study anatomy in the hospital which was adjoined to San Spirito (Nickerson, 2008) . Vasari stressed the importance of studying antique forms and the significance of such in the work of all of the most highly regarded master artists in the High Renaissance era ( prankson, 2000) .Leonardo, Raphael, and Mi chelangelo were no exceptions to this rule, and Michelangelo especially applied himself in that aspect (Johnson, 2000) . Leonardo was a major contributor to the art world in the late 15th and early 16th centuries and a predecessor of many other artistic marvels including Raphael and Michelangelo. Here I will discuss St. Jerome in the Wilderness, The choke Supper, and Mona Lisa. St. Jerome in the Wilderness was begun in 1480 and is one of many of Leonardos unfinished products (Classics, 2012) . St.Jerome resides in the Vatican Museums in Rome (Classics, 2012) . St. Jerome withdrew from society into the Syrian Desert and became a recluse (Classics, 2012) . The house painting illustrates a far off crucifix on the right wing side of the picture and St. Jerome kneeling down all the while fixing his eyes on the yonder crucifix (Classics, 2012) . A rock can be seen in St. Jeromes hand and a king of beasts is close by (Classics, 2012) . The rock represents the object with which St . Jerome uses to punish himself for the purposes of atonement (Classics, 2012) .The lion is indicative of the companion St. Jerome acquired after healing an injury to the lions paw. A cardinals hat together with the lion and the stone are common traits associated with St. Jerome. Also on the right is a church service between the rocks, the existence of which could indicate St. Jeromes Doctoral position (Classics, 2012) . Leonardo utilise a fresh, new technique in positioning St. Jerome in a disproportionate way so that his figure was vastly different than that of the lion (Classics, 2012) .Through the passage of time, this painting has endured separation and the process of reassembly (Classics, 2012) . The be Supper came into creation beginning in 1495, was improved upon in infrequent periods, and was finished it in its entirety in 1498 (Classics, 2012) . Duke Ludovico Sforza and Duchess Beatrice dEste commissioned The brave Supper who wanted it to be the centrepiece for the Sforza family mausoleum (Classics, 2012) . However, the painting now serves as the wall c everyplaceing for the dining hall in the monastery Santa Maria del Grazie (Classics, 2012) .The remnant Supper was an elaborately flesh out representation of Jesus life as it neared its end in the Gospel of John chapter 13 verse 21. Jesus revealed his awareness of the upcoming betrayal from within his beloved discipleship as the book of account described the scene in the book of Matthew chapter 26, verse 21 (Kleiner, 2010) . The reactions of the disciples ranged in varying degrees of outrage, shock, horror, grief, and disbelief as continued in the book of Matthew chapter 26, verse 22 (Kleiner, 2010) .A nonher reference to Biblical doctrine included in the painting was the initiation of the Eucharist in the book of Luke chapter 22, verses 19 through 20 (Kleiner, 2010) . In the painting, Judas was clear stunned at the announcement of his plot (Classics, 2012) . In a state of reserva tion, he was grasping the coin purse containing the silver which had been obtained in trade for the betrayal (Classics, 2012) . Some observers of the painting argue that the purse could as well as be significative of Judas status as treasurer of the group as well (Classics, 2012) .Close observers may mob note of Judas tipping all oer the salt shaker, which may be a cleverly disguised reference to a phrase which signifies the betrayal of a master (Classics, 2012) . Peter appeared to be perturbed all the while wielding a spit this could have been a deliberate inclusion of the painting in order to give observers a sniff out of foreboding, a reminder of the violence to come in the center of Jesus being arrested (Classics, 2012) . John was miscellaneous in a manner describeing him in the throes of a fainting spell (Classics, 2012) .As was comm solo practiced at the time, Leonardo positioned all of the disciples and Jesus on one side of the t able-bodied for the purpose of being able to see them all (Classics, 2012) . Some other painters during after periods of time occasionally separated Judas from the other disciples by either seating him on the opposing side of the table or by neglecting to give him a halo like the others in the painting, an obvious indication of his fall from grace (Classics, 2012) . Rather than denoting Judas in that way, Leonardo uses the shadows as a safe haven for the villain to conceal his own guilt in (Classics, 2012) .Jesus could be seen in the painting as he pointed toward the bread and persisted in foretelling pending events by stating that the traitor would break of the bread simultaneously with himself as is suggested in the book of Luke chapter 22, verse 21 (Classics, 2012) . Judas reached for the bread as predicted because he was distracted by the conversation between John and Peter (Classics, 2012) . In this painting, the artist used a definitive method of manipulating the lighting which in turn of course brou ght the observers eyes to the central focal point of the painting behind Jesus head (Classics, 2012) .Because Leonardo used an alternative method of painting, The Last Supper rapidly began deteriorating (Classics, 2012) . Although efforts have been made to maintain its integrity, the quality of the painting has suffered substantially (Classics, 2012) . The deterioration so compromised the painting it can only be speculated upon that Leonardo originally intended for the positioning of Jesus feet to be suggestive of the forthcoming crucifixion (Classics, 2012) .Its quite apparent in this art piece that Leonardo did coarse research with the help of models and close observational skills to create a psychologically provocative and visually sweet scene (Classics, 2012) . Mona Lisa otherwise know as La Gioconda was a portrait conceived in active 1503 and was accurate in 1519 (Classics, 2012) . The commissioning was initiated by the woman in the painting, Lisa del Gioconda and her husband who was a prosperous silk merchant in Florence (Classics, 2012) .In the beginning of its existence, Mona Lisa may have been housed at Chateau Fontainebleau, but was then relocated to the Palace of Versailles, then to the fin where it remains to this day (Classics, 2012) . No other work of art in the world is more noted than Mona Lisa (Classics, 2012) . Lisa del Gioconda was a member of the Gherardini family, who were prominent Florentines (Classics, 2012) . The painting of this portrait was motivated by the acquisition of the couples new residence as well as in celebration of their second son having been born (Classics, 2012) .Factors that aided in the promotion of this portrait gaining such colossal fame were the vague facial expression, the delicate method of painting the grades, and the enormity of the composition (Classics, 2012) . In creating the Mona Lisa, Leonardo used a pyramid shape as a basis of effortlessly positioning the subject into the space permitted , with her hands folded demurely taking the shape of the obverse corner (Classics, 2012) . The lighting of the portrait gently caressed her in various places including her breast, hands, neck, and face, giving the painting added fundamental dimensions (Classics, 2012) .Lisa held an enhance posture, and her fixed stare was some other distinct feature that gave the portrait its signature quality. The darker elements of the painting such as Lisas hair and veil along with the encompassing shadows help to add radiance to her face that exponent otherwise have been less noticeable (Classics, 2012) . Leonardos absence of outlining particular facial features heighten the liveliness of the subject. As was typical of Leonardo, the comprehensive landscape, the general calmness, theatrical use of lighting and shadows, and the obscure outlining all contributed to this chef-doeuvre (Classics, 2012) .Its important to note the background contained a visual illusion in that one side was sign ificantly higher than the other which would be unfeasible in reality (Classics, 2012) . However because of the discrepancy, Lisa seemed to bear upon or smile if the viewers eyes shifted from one side to the other (Classics, 2012) . The painting survived a number of attacks over a period of time including theft, an acid spill, stone throwing, and other such mishaps, but has been minimally damaged and on occasion repaired (Classics, 2012) .Michelangelo created many striking works in his time, and in conjunction with Leonardo and Raphael defined the artistic era of the Renaissance. I will focus on two of his statues The Pieta and David, and one of his paintings The Last Judgment. Before discussing Michelangelos statues, Id like to restate that hed previously gained long knowledge of human anatomy by secretly dissecting cadavers, which aided his ability to create accurate portrayals of human physique while sculpting and painting (Hartt, 1989) .Since this practice was illegal as w ell as being considered virtuously corrupt behavior, having done so put him at an advantage over many other artists (Hartt, 1989) . massage on the Pieta, a life-size statue made of marble was set into motion in between 1498 and 1499 and reached its realization in 1500 (Kleiner, 2010) . It was the French cardinal, Jean de Bilheres Lagraulas who commissioned the Pieta to be done so that it might enhance the fashion of the chapel in Saint Peters where he was intended to be buried (Kleiner, 2010) .This statue, his first masterpiece was a representation of bloody shame holding Jesus after his crucifixion (Kleiner, 2010) . Controversy surrounded this work of art regarding Marys fashion of being younger than Jesus (Kleiner, 2010) . However the artist was able to portray Marys loveliness as well as her grief in an intensely smart manner (Kleiner, 2010) . The artists intent in portraying such youth in Mary was that hed been attempting to use that feature as a method of defining Mar ys purity.As a result of the youthful and tranquil appearance portrayed in the Pieta, Michelangelos statue was unique in comparison to other artists portrayals of the same scene in which their Mary was much older and broken-hearted. Michelangelo created such detailed imagery that the Pieta quite visibly displayed a variety of textures including hair, fabric, and flesh (Kleiner, 2010) . This particular piece of artistry in addition to David has been replicated by numerous other painters and sculptors.Its been said that Michelangelo wasnt initially in the wont of signing any of his pieces of artistry. However, upon hearing observers crediting other artists with his accomplishment he began doing so with the Pieta. The Pieta originally was destined to lead Saint Peters Basilica in Vatican City, hitherto it is now located in the church which took the place of Saint Peters (Kleiner, 2010) . Michelangelos David wasnt the first statue of the biblical hero, but it was the most impressiv e one which has ever been created thus far (Kleiner, 2010) .David was a popular biblical theme about a young shepherd boy purportedly the underdog who volunteered to enter into strife with a much large adversary (Lee, 2004) . In this story, David defeated his enemy with a slingshot, his skill, and his courage as the only weapons at hand, without even being protected with armor (Lee, 2004) . Upon his return to Florence in 1501, Michelangelo received a warm reception disregardless of his previous association with the Medici family (Kleiner, 2010) . He began sculpting David immediately and completed this work in 1504 (Kleiner, 2010) .Donatello and Verrocchio both had previously created statues of David however unlike Michelangelo, theirs were symbolic of the hero after his battle with Goliath (Kleiner, 2010) . Michelangelo created his personification of David to represent the events prior to the battle with Goliath (Kleiner, 2010) . He used Davids anatomy to imbue strength, a nticipation, and reserved energy (Kleiner, 2010) . He even added the minute detail of engorged veins to emit a sense of the physical process of an adrenaline armorial bearing and the psyche which accompanies it (Kleiner, 2010) .Davids facial expression was indicative of having already decided to do battle, but not yet having completed the task. Clearly it was Michelangelos intent to portray David in the very moment in which the slingshot was about to be raised (Nickerson, 2008) . Michelangelos David possesses a poignant connection with an imperceptible charge (Kleiner, 2010) . It was unlike any other because of its overall size and slender physique, and to this day can be surpassed only by Michelangelos Pieta.Upon completion, this masterpiece further solidified Michelangelos reputation as a master sculptor and artist in all of Italy (Nickerson, 2008) . David is now located in Florence, and stands at an impressive fourteen feet high (Hartt, 1989) . Michelangelos knowledge of anatomy, balance, and proportion are prevalent, along with an aura of superhuman magnificence (Hartt, 1989) . David is but one example of Michelangelos personality which exemplified inspired humanity (Hartt, 1989) . Divine humanity represented evolution values in the Renaissance era (Hartt, 1989) .The Renaissance began a movement away from centuries of control over human affairs on the part of the church and a restoration of humanistic values of the present-day(a) world (Hartt, 1989) . It was firmly held by Michelangelo that the human body was the living embodiment of Gods divine power (Hartt, 1989) . He successfully articulated man in its ultimately heroic status in creating his David sculpture (Lee, 2004) . The spiritual closeness Michelangelo held to was in direct contrast with the scientific approach of Leonardo (Hartt, 1989) .Michelangelo began painting The Last Judgment in 1536 and completed it in 1541 (Kleiner, 2010) . In the midst of his work, the counter-reformat ion was in full intensity (Kleiner, 2010) . An important issue affecting the world of art was the difference in religious beliefs between the Catholics and the Protestants (Kleiner, 2010) . The Catholics value artistic creation for its power to manipulate the people toward piety (Kleiner, 2010) . Protestants, on the other hand found artwork to promote idolatry and distraction (Kleiner, 2010) .To alleviate controversy regarding this issue, the Catholic Church reached an agreement that images should be visually and theologically unambiguous (Kleiner, 2010) . The uproar of the counter-reformation was instrumental in Michelangelos decision to paint the altarpiece of the Sistine Chapel, The Last Judgment as a way of depicting the controversial times. The central figure of the altarpiece was the Lord, and all around the deliveryman figure were nudes. God was the unyielding authority over his human subjects, and physically gestured his intent to utterly annihilate humanity (Klein er, 2010) .Its quite clear that the Lord had complete control over the destiny of all of the spirits around him. The paradisely hosts emanated their unease, while angels trumpeted, and the Lord discerned between the just who ascended to Heaven and the damned who were thrown into the pits of Hell (Kleiner, 2010) . Michelangelo further purveyed horror by including rising dead figures and demons provoking coarse suffering and agony upon the damned souls (Kleiner, 2010) . Other known figures which complement this masterpiece were Saint Bartholomew and who was either the acceptable thief or St. Andrew (Kleiner, 2010) .The works of da Vinci and Buonarroti significantly influenced the world of art in the 16th century in Italy and Europe in numerous ways. The two artists shared many similarities in talent and area of knowledge however it was their individual uniqueness that magnified their works to the status of masterpieces in their lifetimes and beyond. In 1476, Leonardo was permit ted to paint an angel in Verrocchios Baptism of Christ, in which he impressed his master with his superb display of talent (Jacobs, 1968) . By that point in time, hed already been elected to be a painter into the painters guild (Jacobs, 1968) .Other contemporaries alongside Leonardo under Verrocchios tutelage included such notable artists as Perugino and Lorenzo di Credi (Johnson, 2000) . By the year 1481, Leonardos talent was known all over Italy, and he was commissioned by the Saint Donato monastery to paint their altarpiece which is now known as The Adoration of the Kings (Jacobs, 1968) . However as was Leonardos tendency, he neglected to complete the altarpiece and sought employment with Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan (Jacobs, 1968) . His first work for the Duke was to create a statue of Ludovicos father.Approximately in 1496, Leonardo began prep and painting his famous Last Supper located in the Santa Maria delle Grazie, which took about two years to complete (Jacobs, 19 68) . Around the year 1500, he created the painting known as The Battle of Anghiari, and soon after embarked on his most famous work, Mona Lisa (Jacobs, 1968) . Francois I was among the first patrons to passionately support the coming of the Renaissance to France and commissioned Leonardo to work around the year 1516 along with other prominent figures such as Rosso Fiorentino (Johnson, 2000) .Following this event, he then created two more paintings for the French viceroy in Milan, The Virgin of the Rocks, and Saint Anne with the Virgin and the Infant Christ that ended up being his last masterpieces (Jacobs, 1968) . Almost two centuries later, another artist known as Diego Velazquez would use similar painting techniques to Leonardo in which he wasnt as concerned with every minute detail of a subjects being so much as capturing their characteristic impressions (Gombrich, 1995) .Leonardo was as well as the steer of a device known as sfumato which was used by many other artists wh o followed him even centuries later in order to overcome the problem of naturalism and perspective creating a rigid and wooden appearance on the subjects of the paintings (Gombrich, 1995) . Unfortunately, another problem arose which this technique could not accommodate. The shadows used by Leonardo didnt naturally occur in the light of day, therefore Impressionist artists had to resort to blurring some aspects of their painting to prevail over the dilemma (Gombrich, 1995) .Michelangelo learned the fresco technique from his original instructor, Ghirlandaio (Jacobs, 1968) . Later on, he was sent to the Medici Garden where he learned from Bertoldo di Giovanni (Jacobs, 1968) . While in the presence of the Medici family, Lorenzo de Medici encouraged Michelangelo to involve himself in conversations with many of the most far-famed men of the time (Jacobs, 1968) . He achieved recognition for his talent in approximately 1492 when he constructed his first masterpiece The Battle of the C entaurs, which was a marble relief (Johnson, 2000) .This statue remains unfinished as are many of Michelangelos works of art. By 1499, Michelangelo succeeded in creating a superb statue known as Pieta, which was completed in 1499 and caused him to gain world-wide recognition (Jacobs, 1968) . In the next few years, he occupied his time by creating a statue of David, in the Accademia, Florence (Jacobs, 1968) (Johnson, 2000) . Michelangelos depiction of David dwarfed those of Donatello and Verrocchio in ability, and talent. His next project, the tomb of Pope Julius II was to be the longest immutable one of his life, taking a full forty years to complete (Jacobs, 1968) .One statue included in this great endeavor is Moses, arguably the most excellent work exhibited by this particular sculptor (Johnson, 2000) . The tomb also includes The Atlas Slave (incomplete), The Dying Slave, and a statue of Lorenzo de Medici, along with two supporting nudes below (Johnson, 2000) . In the mid st of his work on the tomb of Pope Julius II, he worked on the Sistine Chapel ceiling from May 10, 1508 until October 31, 1512, this also being done for Julius II (Rebman, 2000) . This particular masterpiece is to this day incomparable to any other work of art (Rebman, 2000) .Pope Julius II chose to employ Michelangelo for this task because his reputation throughout Italy and Europe was that of an outstanding sculptor who had an extraordinary talent for using physical forms to express his own feelings and emotions (Rebman, 2000) . The ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in its entirety contains golf-club major panels God Separating Light from Darkness, The Creation of the Sun, Moon, and Stars, The Separation of Land from Water, The Creation of Adam, The Creation of Eve, The Temptation and chance of Adam, The Sacrifice of Noah, The Flood, and the Drunkenness of Noah (Rebman, 2000) .Twenty four years later, Michelangelo was commissioned by Pope Paul III to paint a mural above the al tar of the Sistine Chapel which was to be a companion piece to the ceiling The Last Judgment (Jacobs, 1968) . This altarpiece took him six years to complete beginning in the summer of 1536 and compass its completion on October 31, 1541 (Rebman, 2000) . According to records, Michelangelo employed a single assistant for this project Urbino, a ingenious artist who showed a significant ability with the foreshortening technique (Rebman, 2000) .Numerous authorities on the matter believe Michelangelos source of inspiration for The Last Judgment was derived from a poem, The Divine Comedy written by Dante who mentioned a Charon and Minossis both of whom are included in the painting (Rebman, 2000) . Much praise and criticism was heard for this painting, ranging from astonishment and wonder to abhorrence for the scandalous nudity (Rebman, 2000) . Biago da Cesena was one of the first among many who offered scathing disapproval of the nudity of the figures (Rebman, 2000) .As a result, Michelangelo painted the face of Biago on the figure of Satan and a serpent locomote about the body while biting the groin area of Satan (Rebman, 2000) . Despite Biagos complaints to the Pope, the painting remained as it was (Rebman, 2000) . Unfortunately, due to so much criticism over the nudity of the painting, modifications were later made by Daniele da Volterra, who was hired by the church officials to paint clothing on the genitals of the nude figures (Rebman, 2000) . However, another artist, Martino Rota made an engraved replica of the original Last Judgment prior to the alterations (Rebman, 2000) .Similar to the habits of Leonardo, Michelangelo frequently abandoned his paintings in advance completing them, and the only known finished easel painting is The Holy Family (Jacobs, 1968) . Michelangelos reputation was far superior to those of his contemporaries in sculpture, even including the next generation (Johnson, 2000) . Many new and upcoming artists studied Michelang elos methods with great intensity, and strived to imitate his level of distinction by painting nudes in their own works of art as he had done (Gombrich, 1995) .These artists seemed to have overindulged themselves in this practice, and such behavior took away from the meaning of the paintings kind of than adding to it (Gombrich, 1995) . This fashion became known as Mannerism. In closing, Ive mentioned a few similarities common between both Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simone. In addition, I gave a summary of each artists lives, compared a few of their art pieces, and finished off with a discussion on how each artist made their own personal influence on the world of art in Italy and Europe during the 16th century with supporting examples.References Bambach, C. (2002, October). physique in the Renaissance. 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