History of the English Language Development

History of the face spoken spoken vocabulary DevelopmentWhat differs us mercifuls from animals is the fact that humans deport abilities to manipulate things that happen in daily life. Humans argon able to think whether a received action can cause good or harm to themselves or people around them. An early(a) essential difference that distinguishes humans and animals is the wrangle utilize in communication. It is lyric poem, other than anything else that differs humankinds from fellow earthlings. It is a fact that other animals do communicate with each other, in more various styles, for example, standard for enemies or danger, calling for mating, or other various screams of cries to deliver their anger, awe or pleasure (Barber, 1993). However, these various calls of communication for their species differ from the uniqueness of the human phrase. Barber as well states that a human vocabulary is a super elaborated signalling system, a favorable tool, which uses vocal sounds. Languages are utilise verbally and in writings. From the history, language is learned spoken first, while compose language is secondary.According to Crystal (2016), a language dies when it is not spoken or employ anymore. Holmes (1992) states that language dies when all of its speakers die. However, when the speakers of a language shifts to use another(prenominal) language, the phenomena is called language shifts. Every language transports, even though the levels of the changes vary from catamenia to while, which is why it is any(prenominal)what laborious to be read or soundless the language that is from the early years. An example could be taken from Barbers The face Language A Historical Introduction (1993), English people find it hard to compreh oddment an English document from the year 1300, where it is only possible for them to get word if they have some special training. Documents in 900 look like a foreign language text to them, as it looks like it has no data link to Standard English.There are three recognized catamenias in the ripening of the English language where the first period, dated from 450 to 1150 is known as oldish English. According to Baugh and Cable (1993), this period is described as full inflections, where the land upings of the noun, the adjective, and the verb are preserved more or less impaired. The next period starts from 1150 to 1500, is the shopping mall English period, or known as the period of levelled inflections, which started at the overthrow of the grey-haired English period, and the inflections during that period is said to be remarkablely levelled down. The at long last period, which is up until now is called as the Modern English period, which started since 1500. This period is also described as the period of prejudice inflections where the inflections in the language are completely vanished.The meat English period, as stated by Baugh and Cable, is the period of a great change, where the la nguage changes that happened during the period are more bulky and fundamental in comparison to the changes in the language that took place in Old English and Modern English period. Every language changes from time to time, it is the matter of the amount of changes that occur in the language. The major causes of the language changes were on the face of it because of the track of time, and mite, even though the changes and processes in the core English period that associates with the language contact are various (Penhallurick, 2010).The Norman invasion to England in 1066 is one of the main causes that brought changes in the language from Old English to optic English as they brought cut into the land. Their invasion to England naturally had a significant effect on Englands institutions and its languages. The language changes that were brought from the French during their reach were already existed in the Old English. They were speaking in French only somehow forged by the Germ anic dialect. The dialect is called Norman French. According to (Virtual Medieval Church and Its Writings, 2003), this agency transmits to the citizens speak the English language, whilst the Normans speak Norman French. In time, the two languages started to shamble together which then brings the existence of the lay English. Around ten railyard French delivery were brought into English by the thirteenth hundred. Most of these French loans still exist in the English language today.According to (Oxford English Dictionary, 2016), spunk English, based on the external history, is trapped at its origin by the consequences of the settlements of the Norman Conquest in 1066, and its end by the arrival of the create process documents by William Caxton in 1476, in Britain and by the important social and cultural impacts of the English Reformation (from the 1530s onwards) and of the ideas of the continental Renaissance. The change from Old English to Middle English seemed to look a bit rapid by the rising of refreshing spelling inventions by the Normans. The language used during that time, which is the tungsten Saxon, was no longer used, due to the social and political disruption by the Norman Conquest. The changes that they brought include changes in the spelling where they used the spellings that coupleed more to the way they pronounce it in their spoken dialect. In addition, the scribes occasionally changed the spelling of the rowing they were copying to their own dialectal pronunciation, when they see if any did not match theirs. The Normans disapprove the traditional English spelling, therefore they spelt the language as how they heard it, which is using the conventions of Norman French. Both Barber (1993) and Freeborn (1992) mentioned these facts in their books. Examples of the changes made by the Normans could be taken from (Virtual Medieval Church and Its Writings, 2003), much(prenominal) as qu for cw (queen for cwen).The scribes also introduced gh ( instead of h) in such lyric poem as wickedness and enough, and ch (instead of c) in such words as church. Another change introduced was ou for u (as in house). Yet one more change was the use of c before e (instead of s) in such words as cercle (circle) and cell.The loss of inflections in the Middle English period also include the trim amount in nouns, pronouns and adjectives. The Peterborough tarradiddle, a medieval text written at Peterborough Abbey during the Old English period, where the continuations of the chronicle then shows the Middle English characteristics in the script even though in some ways the characteristics of the Old English still continues. Penhallurick (2010) mentions that the Normans are obviously the ones responsible for the mixings of French and Middle English, that they brought the scribes who are French-trained into England after their conquest. Three sources were affecting the changes in the Middle English and the changes can be seen from the Peterboro ugh Chronicle where a significant number of new words are drawn upon the Scandinavian, Latin and French. This shows that not only French caused the Middle English, but also the Norse and the Latins.The Norsemen brought in their words into Middle English which include grammar words oc but, um about, through, and til until, to. These are the effects of the contact amongst the English and the Norsemen during the 9th, 10th and 11th centuries, which is also a significant change of characteristic of Middle English. Borrowing or loanwords are the terms used for this situation where words which originated from a certain language is brought into another language and is used in the language. During the settlement of the Vikings in England, many another(prenominal) Old Norse words were brought into Old English. Examples from Penhallurick (2010), nouns such as birth, husband, leg, skirt and sky, and verbs like to call, die, give, nag, take, and thrust. As stated by Baugh and Cable (2002), 90 0 loanwords from the Scandinavian that are still survived and in use in the modern standard English these days, but many other words also still survived but instead in the dialects of the former Danelaw, words like beck steam, dag to drizzle, and laik to play. Sisam (1975) mentions that the Norse words essential have come into English even before the Middle English period, because the settlements of the Vikings stopped after the Norman Conquest. Sisam also states that it is not always weak to differentiate the Norse and the Middle English as both of the languages have many similarities during the borrowing period, and also the Norse words are borrowed sooner early to be affected by Middle English.The language influence from the Latins started during the early days of English. When the Germanic tribe started English, they had already been in contact with the Romans in the continental Europe, which was when the Germanic tribes very beginning of their settlements in the British Isles . Many Latin words were borrowed into the tribes language during their settlement in the British Isles, where they borrowed from Britishs Celtic speaking people, which they got from the Romans. Latin during that time was the language of the Christian church, which tag the Englands conversion to Christianity. This correlates with Sisams (1975) statement where there were few direct borrowings from Latin and about of it are taken from the technical language of church. Penhallurick (2010) states that the practice of writing documents in Latin during that time was somewhat usual and was joined by many of the Norman scribes, which gave the borrowings from Latin a new motivation during the early Middle English period.Not only Old Norse and Latin words that were noted in the continuations of the Peterborough chronicle, but also new loan words from French, although there were only small number of it in the continuation. As an example, from Penhallurick (2010), duc duke, and pasches pasch, easter, including some loan words that were not only new additions to language but also eventually replaced present English words during that time, for example tresor treasure, and pais peace. This language development, the emerge of the French loans can be best described as started from very few words to over 10000 French words were borrowed during the end of the Middle English period. The total number of words borrowed is one(prenominal) considering that the total amount of Old English words were only 24000 approximately. From the Peterborough Chronicle examples, the French loans can be divided into two general types, which is either the new words are just new members of the English language which has new concepts or definitions, or new words that have the kindred definitions to an existing word in the native language. The effects of this duplication could lead to either the loss of one of the words between the languages (usually the English word), or there could be the develop ment in differentiation in subject matter between the words. Penhallurick (2010) gives an example, OE leod was pushed out altogether by French-derived people, whereas English might survives beside French-derived power, munificent beside royal, and wish beside desire. It is the royal family, never the kingly family and genies grant three wishes, preferably than three desires. Sisam (1975) compares French with Norse, where he states that French language had little common land with English, not like the Scandinavians, which brings to why the amount of French words used in the English texts is lesser in comparison to Old Norse and Latin, before the late thirteenth and fourteenth centuries.French continued to be the official language of England until the mid of fourteenth century, the years after, English became the language of instructions, and became the official language of legal records or events, where later at the end of fourteenth century, everyone spoke English. When the Lond on dialect emerged, it became the standard spoken and written language. During the end of 1500, English language has reached the language that is similar to as what is used today, which shows that Modern English started being used around that time. The arrival of printing press set up, invented by William Caxton in 1476 marked the starting of the end of the Middle English (Freeborn, 1992). If the Norman Conquest marked the start of the changes in the Middle English, William Caxton did the same for the start of the Modern English. Caxton is recognized for the arrival of printing in England through his work and a standard for the English language. His donation brings us to the early period of the Modern English (Weiner, 2013).ReferencesBarber, C., Beal, J. and Shaw, P. (2013). The English language. foremost ed. Cambridge Cambridge University Press.Baugh, A. and Cable, T. (2013). A history of the English language. initiatory ed. London Routledge.Courseweb.stthomas.edu. (2003). The Ma king of Middle English. online functional at http//courseweb.stthomas.edu/medieval/chaucer/middleenglish.htm Accessed 12 Mar. 2017.Crystal, D. (2016). English as a global language. 1st ed. Cambridge Cambridge University Press.Freeborn, D. (1992). From Old English to standard English. 1st ed. York Freeborn.Graddol, D., Leith, D. and Swann, J. (1996). English. 1st ed. Milton Keynes England Open University.Holmes, J. (2013). An introduction to sociolinguistics. 1st ed. Harlow Pearson.Oxford English Dictionary. (2016). Middle English-an overview Oxford English Dictionary. online Available at http//public.oed.com/aspects-of-english/english-in-time/middle-english-an-overview/ Accessed 12 Mar. 2017.Penhallurick, R. (2010). Studying the English language. 1st ed. Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan.Sisam, K. (1975). Fourteenth century verse and prose. Ed. by Kenneth Sisam. (Repr.). 1st ed. Oxford Clarendon P XLVII.