Disparities in Criminal Sentencing Research Report

Disparities in Criminal Sentencing Introduction According to the Pew Research Center, African-American males incarceration is predominantly concentrated among Black males aged between 20 and 34. A number of factors contribute to this alarming statistics. While focusing on incarceration, studies demonstrate that the population in national prisons has increased by more than 600% from 1970s (Robinson, 2009). This is a significantly large number compared to the 40% increase in the national population during the same period. Before the 70s, the judicial systems in America were viewed as the most liberal, progressive, and humane. In the 1980s, federal and state governments launched new correctional centers to support the inflow of prisoners (United States Department of Labor, Office of Policy Planning and Research, 1965). Across these correctional facilities, societal, cultural, and economic inequalities were the leading contributors of Black males incarceration rates. This study examines the factors that led to this high incarceration rate among African-American males. Socio-Economic Inequality Structural socio-economic favoritism refers to the contrast in the distribution of assets, economic resources, and salary between individuals in society. While examining the statistics, I understood that such disparities contribute to the increasing detention rates in United States. The prison boom and the inequality both stems from the mid-1970s (Cohen, 2010). To demonstrate thisShow MoreRelatedMandatory Minimum Sentencing Guidelines And Guidelines942 Words   |  4 Pagesmandatory minimum sentencing. The Committee decided the guidelines would be set the levels in the Drug Quantity Table (Hinojosa 1998). This would be done to create a set standard for levels 26 and 32. see table 1 {Table 1 About Here} These levels would work along with a standard set of program ranges that are above the statutory mandatory minimum sentencing laws (Weld 1986). Congress was not in favor of the sentencing table and told the USSC to prepare to research and present their findingsRead MoreMale And Female Sentencing : A Look Into Alternative Sentencing1274 Words   |  6 PagesFemale V Male Sentencing A Look into Alternative Sentencing Ritchey, Christian American Military University Author Note This paper was prepared for CRMJ201. Abstract With incarceration rates rising and jail and prison populations at an all-time high, alternative sentencing is being used more often with non-violent offenders. This paper looks at male and female incarceration rates, the use of alternative programs for sentencing between the two and the effectiveness of such programs. During the paperRead MoreCircuit Criminal Court Sentencing Docket Attendance: A Report881 Words   |  4 PagesReport On Attendance of Circuit Court Criminal Sentencing Docket Date Attended: March 14, 2013 Place: Morgan County Courthouse, Decatur, Alabama Judge: Glenn Thompson Docket Criminal sentencing Attorneys Multiple attorneys representing multiple clients On March 14, 2013, the writer of this work attended a criminal sentencing docket at the Morgan County Courthouse in the Circuit Court in Decatur, Alabama. The Honorable Glenn Thompson was presiding over the criminal sentencing docket. The docketRead MoreInfluential Factors on a Juveniles Life1510 Words   |  6 PagesThere are numerous influential factors that can determine the path a juvenile takes in life. Research has consistently shown that a juvenile’s family setting is one of the most influential factors in the juvenile’s life (Hawkins, Herrenkohl, Farrington, Brewer, Catalano, and Harachi, 1998). A common finding among research has been that children from â€Å"broken homes† or single parent homes are more likely to become involved in delinquent behaviors (Tanner). Single parent homes are more often than notRead MoreRacial and Ethnic Disparity and Criminal Justice3054 Words   |  12 PagesRacial and Ethnic Disparity and Criminal Justice: How much is too much? In this article, Robert, April, and Jorge (2010) acknowledges previous research reports on this topic and reveals that race, and racial patterns have found their way in involvement of crime. However, Robert, April, and Jorge (2010) argue that there is no significant proof that there are meaningful racial disparities in the legal systems. Although some literatures provide research on the existence of racial profiling by policeRead MoreThe Bias And Discretion Of The Sentencing Process1415 Words   |  6 Pagesbiases exist within our court system when it comes down to sentencing. So, are we saying the judges are racist? This learner hopes not, but she cannot help but wonder if they are just based on the number of African American that is housed in our jails/prisons. There just seems to be an overwhelming amount of us incarcerated verses Caucasians. It is also amazing that some of the sentencing time that judges past down for the same type of criminal act (e.g., burglary, auto theft, et c.) seems to be worstRead MoreSentencing Disparities And Race On Criminal Sentencing2644 Words   |  11 PagesIntroduction Sentencing disparities as a result of an individual’s race or ethnic background, has been one of the most frequently investigated topics in criminological research. (Mitchell, Mackenzie 2004). Several studies have attempted to understand the impact of the offenders’ race on criminal sentencing but there has been variation in the results- some of studies concluded race does effect sentencing regardless of the legal variables; some studies revealed it does not; while other studies concludedRead MoreJudges On Trial : A Reexamination Of Judicial Race And Gender Effects Across Modes Of Conviction1044 Words   |  5 PagesCommission on Sentencing that has been strengthened to include information on sentencing judges and criminal court contexts, and it argues that the mode of conviction shapes the focus of sentencing discretion in ways that systematically underestimate judge effects for pooled estimates of incarceration and sentence length (Johnson, p. 159). Research that f ocuses on the effects of judicial background characteristics suggest minimal influence based on race or gender of the sentencing judge in criminal casesRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System And Women1773 Words   |  8 PagesHistory of Sentencing Disparities in sentencing have existed since the dawn of the Criminal Justice System and women are seen to be favoured by the system when compared to men because of notions that women offenders are more cooperative in the judicial process, women are primary care givers to children and that they are only accessories of crime because of the association with male criminals. However, it is not until recently that appearing as a defendant has changed from an intimidating experienceRead MoreRacial Disparities Within The United States1793 Words   |  8 PagesRacial Disparities in Sentencing In a country where many believe the hatchet of racism was buried with its first black president, many people of color, both non-black and black are still frustrated and disappointed in the progress to be made. Many progressives prefer to see America as a colorblind nation, a nation where if you work hard and do right, you ll fulfill the American Dream. Often this dream is accompanied with challenge after challenge for people of color. Of course what first must

A Small Town Near Auschwitz By Mary Fulbrook - 943 Words

The Holocaust is considered one of the darkest times in history. The Nazis killed over six million people in one of the largest coordinated mass genocides in history. When reflecting on this time in history, it is assumed that the deaths of many came at the hands of the few or, in this case the Nazis. That, simply, is not the case. Although Hitler, the SS and the rest of the Nazi party were the principal players, this book makes it abundantly clear that the Nazis delegated some of the racial tasks to the common people in Germany. In the book, A Small Town Near Auschwitz, by Mary Fulbrook, she examines the life and actions of Udo Klausa. Klausa is a civilian administrator in the Nazi regime, in the town of Bedzin. Bedzin is a small town near the famous concentration camp of Auschwitz. Fulbrook discusses the actions that Klausa must take and the laws he must enforce in order to live with the Nazis. Klausa was charged with enforcing the racial laws put into effect by the Nazis. He was a civil servant, the Chief Executive of the county. This paper will examine how the Holocaust Process almost destroys the town of Bedzin, as well as, Klausa’s struggles to distance himself from being involved in the violence of the war In 1939, the town of Bedzin was a flourishing town of industry with nearly half of its population being of the Jewish faith. When the German troops first arrived, they were described by a survivor as pleasant. The men seemed ordinary, much like the rest of the

Modern teenager are given too much free essay sample

In the past period, many children got less freedom from their guardians. When they we were free time, they had to help their guardians. However, at the present day, their parents give them much freedom. In this essay, the argument surrounding the advantages and disadvantages of giving them much freedom will be discussed. First, the advantage of giving much freedom to teenagers is less pressure. When the children begin to teen age, they will want the private time to do many activities such as meeting with friends, watching movies with sweetheart, and so on. If their parents limit their lives, they may pressure and become major depressive disorder. Second, on the other hand, there still is the disadvantage of giving the teenagers much freedom, which is overconfidence. For example, when their parents instruct them, as they are independent, they do not obey. Furthermore, getting the freedom may cause the bad results. We will write a custom essay sample on Modern teenager are given too much or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When they are granted too much freedom, they may behave unsuitable action such as smoking, drinking alcohol, midnight wandering etc. Third, another disadvantage is lacking of family’s love. If the teenagers get a lot of freedom, they will spend time with their friends more than their families. Then, they rarely share the ideas with their parents and will not get advices from their parents. To sum up, when teenagers are given too much freedom by parents, they will get positive and negative results. However, if their parents give much freedom or less freedom, it affect them negative sides. Therefore their parents should give the balanced freedom to them.

Venture Project Economics and Finance

Question: Discuss about the Venture Project Economics and Finance. Answer: Introduction: In modern business environment there are various factors that impacts business decisions of management and managers at veracious levels. Business organization is has to deal with various unpredictable factors that together impacts business operations. Financial management and management accounting in modern business environment has been growing at tremendous rate. These manage financial resources as well as cost components of business organization. Managerial decision making process has been changed to great extend for management of business operations. With the advent of growing competition and consideration of various external environmental factors, two important analyses becomes mandatory for management. Breakeven analysis and sensitivity analysis are two concepts that together provide decision making information to management or managers at various levels. Both the analysis use different input or data to process and generate some decision making information for management. We wil l be discussing both the analysis in detail in this literature review. Breakeven analysis is an economic concept which is used to generate some information related to indifference point in cost of commodity and benefit from commodity. Breakeven analysis examines that point (i.e. indifference point) in business operations where cost of product is fully recovered. Breakeven analysis or point is that point of business operations where all cost related to commodity has been recovered. Beyond breakeven point there will be real profit for the business organization. From management prospective it is necessary for management or managers to change price of commodity according to competition and market conditions to stay in competition. Breakeven analysis is used in this situation for measuring cost and profitability after certain level of business operation (Badiru, 2016). Breakeven analysis supports profitability decisions of management along with cost control capabilities after certain level of business operations. Breakeven analysis uses relationship between costs incurred, profit per unit, selling price per unit and other managerial concepts. Components of breakeven analysis Breakeven analysis has three main components that altogether support decision making process. Fixed cost can be defined as the cost which remains constant throughout the production process. Total fixed cost will be used in this method as base for calculating breakeven point in the production and selling process. Variable cost is the cost which changes with the change in level of business operations or production. Variable cost is incurred on per unit basis and varies in total. Selling price per unit is the per unit price of commodity at which it is exchanges between buyer and seller (Miranowski and Rosburg, 2010). Breakeven point can be calculated in units and in monetary terms also. Breakeven analysis or point is that point at which all cost related to production is recovered and beyond that level there will be only profit. This analysis also helps business organization to take decisions related to selling price of product or commodity. Breakeven analysis has been used by management or management accountant of the business organization in term of decision making process. Since breakeven analysis establishes relationship between cost, profit and volume (units), therefore this relationship is widely use by management in terms of deciding appropriate level of production (Yang and Meziani, 2012). Following are some other advantages of breakeven analysis: Make or buy decision making: Breakeven analysis analyses relationship between production units and cost recovery point of operation. Then management can decide at breakeven point, if buying price of commodity is lower than variable cost then management shall opt for buy decision (Cipollini and Canty, 2013). Make or buy decision is not possible without analysis and interpretation of breakeven analysis results. Production planning: Another advantage of breakeven analysis is production planning that can be taken on the basis of breakeven analysis results. Products recovering cost early shall be produced first and process shall goes on and this ultimately reaches to optimum production process with maximum profitability. Optimum output: Breakeven analysis also reflected or analysis optimum level of output in the business organization. Since breakeven analysis results in calculation of profit or loss at different level of output therefore optimum level of out can be measured (Meena et al., 2013). Graphical analysis of breakeven analysis From the above graph it can be analyze that there are different point of time or different level of production under which cost is incurred. Indifference point or breakeven point is that point where income line cross or intercepts total cost (fixed cost and variable cost) line. On x axis of above graph, output or production units has been reflected. On Y axis, fixed cost and variable cost has been reflected. As and when output or production increases then there will be increase in variable cost and fixed cost at the same time (Lemons, 2012). Line A shows income in above graph and before recovery of variable and fixed cost there is loss for the business organization. On the other hand, after line of inception or after breakeven line there will be profit for the business organization. Management can use such graph of breakeven analysis in decision making process. Once output or production or sales reaches Q point in above graph, then at that point of output all cost has been recovered (Sadrani, 2014). Beyond that point there will be only profit for the business organization and this area is known as margin of safety sales. Business decision making is one of the most difficult and useful management accounting tool that can be employed by top management of business organization. In terms of decision making process managers or top management use what if analysis that analysis results under different situation. What-if analysis examines likely or probable outcome uncertain event. It is well known fact that business operates in uncertain and unpredictable external environment that management has be control and analyze in its decision making process. Sensitivity analysis comes into play when defined parameters and assumption are subject to errors or any uncertain changes while or after results. Sensitivity analysis also measures impact of changes or errors on end result or outcome of any process or model (Bris, 2015). Sensitivity analysis is the managerial tool that examines or measures change in result when input or data has been changed from its actual position or actual value. Sensitivity analysis explore s changes in end result or defined output when source or input data is changed within specified limit. Therefore sensitivity analysis can be used as risk assessment tool for managerial decisions of business organization. Use of sensitivity analysis Sensitivity analysis has broader usage for the management or decision makers of the business organization in terms of various sections of business operations. Sensitivity analysis is majorly used for capital budgeting decisions because of long term nature of decisions and involvement of huge financial resources. Sensitivity analysis tends to measure accuracy in net present value of capital project that is undertaken. It is not used to measure risk or works net present value of capital project. As net present value of capital project is future oriented measure and requires prediction in terms of cash flows. Therefore risk of wrong estimation or wrong prediction is there that can lead to wrong decision making. Presence of sensitivity analysis can lower the risk by measuring end result under different net present value of undertaken capital project (Dimi and Liliana, 2014). Sensitivity analysis measures change in outcome or end result of capital project with the change in net present va lue. This is measures by analyzing ratio of change in net present value and change in outcome. Another use of sensitivity analysis is to establish relationship between input and output of system or decision making case. It is used define understanding and estimating relationship between input of case or system and output. This helps in assessing level of risk included in the undertaken case or system. This risk assessment capability will enhance understanding of risk involve in decision making and degree of change in output when there is change in level of input (Hirst and Murphy, 2015). Therefore sensitivity analysis is mainly used in decision making and case making situations by top management. Advantage of sensitivity analysis Planning tool: Sensitivity analysis is used to analyze and measure risk involve in undertaken project or future course of action. This capability serves useful information to management in terms of risk involved and level of changes required. Therefore management can plan for future course of actions and plan for safety stock in terms of different resources. Problem identification: Sensitivity analysis measures risk involved in project and marks input points where risk is identified in overall system or undertaken project. This analysis identifies problem areas in achieving organizational objectives and goals by successfully completing different projects. Therefore this analysis provides direction to management at different level of business operation regarding crucial activities (Ferretti and Tarantola, 2016). Therefore management will be able to focus on identified crucial success activities or factors having high degree of risk. Optimum solution of problems: Sensitivity analysis is used to identify optimum solution of the problem and provide less risky solution to the management. Sensitivity analysis provide base for change management in the undertaken project. Those areas in the project are highly sensitive then it can be replaced with alternate course of action or quality of those activities can be placed (Joshi and Zhu, 2016). This capability of sensitivity analysis serves base for decision making process to management in terms of successfully achieving objective of project. References Badiru, A. (2016). Equity Breakeven Point: A Graphical and Tabulation Tool for Engineering Managers. Engineering Management Journal, 28(4), 249-255. Bris, M. (2015). Sensitivity Analysis as a managerial decision making tool. Faculty of Economics in Osijek, 291-294. Cipollini, A., Canty, P. (2013). Inflation breakeven in the Jarrow and Yildirim model and resulting pricing formulas. Quantitative Finance, 13(2), 205. Dimi Ofilean, Dan Ioan Topor, Liliana Paschia. (2014). Profit Sensitivity In The Decision - Making Process. Studia Universitatis Vasile Goldis Arad, Seria Stiinte Economice, 24(1), 199-213. Ferretti, Saltelli, Tarantola. (2016). Trends in sensitivity analysis practice in the last decade. Science of the Total Environment, 568, 666-670. Hirst, Guy, Murphy. (2015). PRM122 - Sensitivity Analysis: How Much Impact Does It Have on The Nice Decision Making Process? Value in Health, 18(7), A704. Joshi, Zhu. (2016). An exact method for the sensitivity analysis of systems simulated by rejection techniques. European Journal of Operational Research, 254(3), 875-888. Lemons, D. (2012). When to Start Collecting Social Security Benefits: A Break-Even Analysis. Journal of Financial Planning, 25(1), 52-54,56-60. Lokesh Kumar Meena, Chandra Sen, Shoji Lal Bairwa, Arun Jhajharia, N. K. Raghuwanshi. (2013). Economics of Garlic Production in Baran District of Rajasthan; Break Even Analysis. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development, 3(10), 697-701. Miranowski, J., Rosburg, A. (2010). An Economic Breakeven Model of Cellulosic Feedstock Production and Ethanol Conversion with Implied Carbon Pricing. Department of Economics, 4-8. Sadrani, Y. (2014). Breakeven Analysis. Business Technology, 5-15. Yang, J., Meziani, A. (2012). Break-Even Point Between Short-Term and Long-Term Capital Gain (Loss) Strategies. Journal of Investing, 21(4), 115-126.