The use of ESL program

Executive Summary English is a language that has grown and is widely used by many nations as their language. This has made many countries, teach English in schools and assist individuals in understanding the language. The use of ESL program has seen its popularity rise, thus catering for many individuals who feel they need some assistance in English. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The use of ESL program specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The execution of this type of education is vital among various communities. Many persons are made to understand one another hence, development occurs as common goals are known. The rise of many immigrants to America, especially from Mexico, shows the growing need for ESL programs. A good American society needs to have a better ESL system to comprehend English. This is why a study on ESL evaluation is necessary ( Caffarella 2002 pp. 2-3). The institutions that compact with this la nguage will offer support for these programs. This will ensure that the targeted audience is fully addressed. A campus is an area where, the study is designated to enhance a lot of commonalities. When a population is put in an environment that is similar, a variety of issues are able to be handled with keen. A campus will also make the stakeholders feel part of the program. For any program to be effective, various evaluation mechanisms are put in place. The ESL program is not an exception since its evaluation, will augment improvements. Evaluation of this program will increase its effectiveness and provide majority with the best knowledge. It will also lead to the achievement of the desired goals. The standards of this program are also improved to give a great deal of accomplishment. Technological advancement and innovativeness also are some of the factors that are considered to help in evaluation of the ESL program. The evaluation process also is well structured to assist the pro gram positively. Findings will be found from the answered questionnaires from the groups involved in this program. This will give an account of the ESL program and its effects to many, in the program. The evaluation way cannot be stated without the results since methodologies may differ. The timeline also is rational and will not bother many in their way of learning. Evaluation will be used to improve the quality of education. With the support of the government and education department, most of the objectives will be achieved. Funds will be used to hire good instructors and also equipment for training. The action plan if well executed, will lead to an improvement of ESL education (Caffarella 2002 pp. 8-10).Advertising Looking for essay on linguistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The purpose of this study focuses majorly on the use of ESL program. The use of this program will take English, to an entire new level and assist in interaction. Many people will also be able to appreciate one another without fear of being misunderstood. This program will also attract many people as it will, cost less as compared to a whole tutorial program in schools. The program will assist the adults, who are not acquainted with the language as they will enroll themselves for training. The evaluation criteria will make the program, helpful and assist the institutions involved to know various areas to be improved. The results, from the study will also be used, to create an avenue for further training of individuals in English. Utilization of this program will also, assist the American society, as immigrants will also help in development. Therefore, the need for this program is extremely recommended and its evaluation is necessary for improvement. English Second Language program is widely used and its evaluation is important for expansion. As stated in the rationale the importance of this education is world wide and is ess ential. The correlation of different members of the communities will be, enhanced by how well they understand each other. The use of this program will, enhance development and cohesion in the society. The American society is growing and the English language will be, fundamental in its economy and development. Most of the institutions of learning should be well equipped to handle ESL programs. Universities and colleges can assist a lot especially in building up of functioning campuses. These will help attract many individuals interested in this program. Communication ability, across many different cultural divides, will help the society as a whole. The purpose of evaluation meets the required standards and also aims at improving the program. The better the program the more effective it will be for the society. Many changes can be done on the program to suit the parties involved. This will ensure suitability in the handling of the evaluation process. The involved stakeholders, like the teachers and the groups should be checkered and made to adapt to the programs. The programs credibility will also be found as a result of evaluation process. The use of documents and communication with the learners is effective as a way of evaluation. Questionnaires are also a good way to gather the details on the effectiveness of ESL program. The evaluation criteria will differ as methodologies cannot be specified without the results. This is because some methods will be better than the others in different cases. Timeline is good for this program while budget is a hindrance to implement this program. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The use of ESL program specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The days identified will be, convenient to many and learning will be boosted since the attendance will be good. Funds are needed in this program and this will, improve the evaluation program making it more effective to in volved parties. In general, the study has been created in a way that if properly implemented this program will assist many individuals. All the specific issues, which want to be tackled in the study, are of much importance. The only issue is for the stakeholders to be well organized and work as a team. The government and the department of education should also identify with the program. This will ensure that the program will flow smoothly with least barriers. Evaluation will, try and give a better picture of the program its merits and demerits and how it can be enhanced. The program will also be arranged in a way English speaking can be tested as well as writing. Quizzes, puzzles, crosswords and tests are a major inclusion in the evaluation of this program. Therefore, the use of this program will, make sure that English advances and becomes a worldwide language. The successes of this program will also, move to the web and assist other people that might not be able to get to Americ a. The ESL program and the rationale behind it, give a strong conviction of why it should be well structured. The teachers, staffs and the groups that are learning should all be assisted and this will ensure that the program is a success. The issues in the study will definitely make the program a success and develop it. Data analysis is whereby; raw data is organized so that useful information can be extracted from it. In this case, data will be got from the concerned groups through questionnaires. The information from the respondents will be properly presented in form of tables, graphs and charts. These ways of presenting information, gives a clear picture of the situation on the ground. Analysis will have ensured proper data cleaning is done, to prevent several mistakes that are usually seen while researching. Plotting graphs on the questions asked, will help give a good response to that question. Charts are visually attractive and can also be well understood by many thus will b e used. Tables give the information as per numbers used, this helps the researcher, be able to analyze and know the number of respondents. This will be highly effective and most of the analysis will be properly analyzed. Several statistical tools can be used this include the samples and also observations. These will lead to proper analysis of the major issues that are focused upon. Another way of analysis is by use of histograms, moving averages, rank and percentile, regression and sampling. Microsoft excel has all these analysis tools that are helpful to individuals while doing their analysis. Advertising Looking for essay on linguistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The use of these tools will, assist a lot in getting of the information that the study initially wanted to get. Some of the calculations will be used statistically, to approve the results and also give good probability thus accurate results. The analysis will assist in discussion of the findings and also give a good recommendation that will later assist in the improvement of the program. Reference List Caffarella, R. (2002), Planning Programs for Adult Learners, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass This essay on The use of ESL program was written and submitted by user Danna Y. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Animals in Medical Testing essays

Animals in Medical Testing essays The use of animals in research has been key in the development of drugs and treatments, for human and animal illnesses. Vivisection, which is the practice of experimenting on animals, was first utilized by the ancient Greeks who cut the throat of a pig in order to understand swallowing. To study the beating heart, they cut into a live pigs chest (altweb.htm). These ancient experiments had no intention of making the animal feel pain or suffering, but was a sacrifice of a living animal for the sake of understanding. Western civilization can attribute its accomplishments in the field of medicine to the ancient Greeks in part, for their vast knowledge in medicine, which was fueled by innovative minds who obtained knowledge of the human body by those of the animals. Since the initial discoveries in medicine made by the ancient Greeks, researchers and doctors have used animals to learn how the organs and various systems of the body work, leading to the modern sciences we understand and us e today such as physiology, pharmacology, bacteriology, and immunology. Further improvement in the health and welfare of human and animal life and development in the field of medicine requires animals to be the subjects of experiments prior to human experimentation which may result in harm. Not a single person alive has not benefited from vivisection whether it be using aspirin for a headache, toothpaste, or household products such as cleaners, laundry detergent, lotions, and body ointments. Dont you like to know that these products are safe from cancer causing chemicals or other harmful substances which are undetectable to the human eye? And what of the ones we know who live with an illness or medical condition which requires them to take a prescribed drug, dont you like to know that these people have their drugs available to them and that they will reap healthy benefits from them? Nearly 2 billion prescriptions are filled every year in the...

Rem Koolhass Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Rem Koolhass - Essay Example He orchestrated many works of brilliance in many cities the world over and his artistry has earned him many prestigious individual accolades from reputable institutions among them Summary: Why Is Koolhaas the World’s Most Controversial Architect? According to Nicolai Ourousoff, the Smithsonian Magazine, and September issue 2012. Rem Koolhaas is widely respected and critiqued in equal measures. It is noted that he has been this controversial ever since his studentship in the 70s in London. He is unlike the other architects who are ready to compromise their work ethics for economic gains. He is described as being highly provocative and ill-behaved professionally. He has won several architectural competitions with the most recent one being in China. He was commissioned to undertake the building of the Headquarters of China Central Television. This works has been a source of scathing attacks from pro-western institutions and powers who insinuated that he was helping in the expansi on of a Dictatorial regime in China. However, other sources described the building as a masterpiece. This is just an example of the mixed reactions his works have elicited. He has taken part in many competitions even though he won some; he has also lost quite a number. For instance, his proposal to spearhead the transformation of the Museum of modern Art into a ministry of self-proclamation known as MoMA Inc. was badly rejected. Even though he has been under pressure from various sources, he has been able to nurture several great modern day architects such as DjarkeIngels of Copenhagen based BIG, and Winy Maas of MVRDV firm in the Netherlands. His books are also widely used by many architectural students all over the world who always try to emulate him. He is quite unpredictable unlike most of his peers and other magnificent architects of his reputation such as FranskGehry and ZahaHadid, who maintained their focus over long careers. Apart from architecture, he is also a great theore tician of the industry and has written quite a number of books concerning different architectural ideologies on major urban cities. In one of his demonstrations in Venice, he was against the out brushing historic buildings that represented more uncomfortable chapters in our past. He further wonders why people incredibly fear change rather than embracing it. His company has since expanded to other cities outside its Headquarters such as Hong Kong and New York. It has employed some 325 employees all architects. However, he has a personal preference for Rotterdam due to its isolation and location as a port city. Even though he is highly reputed, he still takes part in competitions. He concurs that this that this allows for creative liberty due to the changing ideas and preference of the client. However, in this process a lot of risk is involved. A lot of resource is wasted in projects that will never take off. One of his first tests of his urban theories manifested itself in the form o f the Euralille development on the outskirts of the French city of Lille in the mid-1990s. It was to include a shopping mall, conference and exhibition center and office towers in the midst of train tracks and freeways. His work was to be complimented by other well-known architects who helped in designing the various buildings. Koolhaas personally designed

Child Prostitution in India Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Child Prostitution in India - Essay Example This paper is a critical evaluation of child prostitution in India as well as ways through which the dilemma can be resolved. Child Prostitution in India India is categorized as one of the most highly populated countries in the world, with majority of its citizens suffering from abject poverty. Statistics indicate that more than 300 million out of the total population of approximately 944 580 000 people are living below poverty line, as per early 1990’s reports (Shephered 62). This ratio has definitely increased based on the fact that the total population has increased significantly to hit the 1 billion mark, making it the second most populous country after China. Out of this population, 25% is believed to be living in urban areas, which is a recipe for the establishment of informal residential areas that are unsafe and unhealthy for bringing up children. Due to these factors, families have been trying all methods to make ends meet and this has resulted to numerous cases of ch ild abuse, who are introduced to child labor and prostitution at a tender age (Sahni 12). Child prostitution may be defined as the involvement of children below the age of 18, depending on the legal definition of an adult in a country or society. It is prohibited in most of the countries around the world, even in those that legalize prostitution but there is a tendency in India whereby the locals are comfortable and in fact, some sources indicate that parents, who are supposed to offer protection to these children, are the main perpetrators of this heinous activity (Sahni 39). The girl child is given little significance in most of Indian societies who view them as sex tools such that they are even sexually abused by immediate members of the family such as the father, brothers among others. Some sources indicate that this habit begins in the marital bed, where couples incorporate their children in their sexual activities and sometimes, they are ‘loaned’ to neighbors for the same purposes. Mothers are said to use masturbation as a technique to send their female children to sleep and to enhance masculinity in boys, which is according to observers (DeMause 21). By the time they reach the age of 5 or 6, these children are already aware of their sexuality and thereby will go ahead to practice what they have been experiencing at the hands of their parents. On the other hand, child prostitution in India has been observed as being motivated by cultural and religious practices by the society rather than poverty as with other third world countries. An example is the tradition whereby young girls are offered as sacrifices to gods, in a practice known as Devdasi and which is widely accepted in majority of Indian cultures. Once these girls are relocated to the temples, they become what are widely referred to as religious prostitutes, who sleep around with different priests (Gathia 51). However, this kind of prostitution is different as it does not have the comm ercial aspect in it. This is to imply that these girls are not compensated for their services and as such, they are more of sex slaves as they are not allowed to make their own decisions on how to control their sexual activities especially choosing preferred clients. Despite the banning of this tradition in 1982, the society has continued to practice it, insisting that observing the restriction would amount to

Apply constructivist and Neo-Liberal theories Essay - 1

Apply constructivist and Neo-Liberal theories - Essay Example y Jean Piaget, but most of the work in relation to the application of the theory are attributed to Jerome Bruner, who noted that the theoretical framework of the theory was that learning could be perceived as an active and continuous process. As such, learners involved in the process would develop new ideas based on their past and present knowledge. The basic image of the constructivist theory is that learners are able to discover themselves based on this theory and select and transform information. Subsequently, the theory makes it possible for learners to construct hypotheses out of the contexts of the theory and make constructive decisions based on the cognitive structure of the provided information. The cognitive structure in this sense provides individuals with the experiences required to proceed with the precepts of information obtained (Kincheloe 268-273). The theory, from the basis of constructivists, is founded on the precepts of constructivism, which is concerned with the idea of constructing knowledge for personal gain. As such, its application may take on varied forms. For instance, some constructivists may perceive the theory from the perspective that it relates to knowledge that is not independent; hence, the construction of which will relate to the learner’s experience. This view has often been adopted by the constructivists founded on the argument that the acceptance of constructivist theory would imply the acceptance of the realistic and plutonic views. As such, the knower of a particular knowledge cannot be independent of the knowledge they claim to know. Subsequently, the application of this theory may be explained from the perspective that the understanding of the aspects of knowledge founded on the constructivist theory is based on the social and personal construction of meaning out of a sensation, and applying that knowledge in a manner that would determine the order for the fabrication of the knowledge. Therefore, this theory can be

Performance In Sime Darby Plantation SDN BHD

Performance In Sime Darby Plantation SDN BHD This chapter focuses on the basic overview of the research background and problems that are transpired from the researcher interest in developing a Final Year Thesis. This chapter also defines the objectives as the direction of this development that would like to be achieved and also the limitation and scope that can act as guidance to guarantee the development will be accomplished within the time and schedule given. BACKGROUND OF THE COMPANY Sime Darby Berhad is the largest conglomerate in Malaysia and one of the largest in Southeast Asia. Its broadly diversified activities include a wide range of industries, with the core businesses being plantations (including oil palm and the companys original business, rubber), tire manufacturing, heavy equipment and motor vehicle distribution, property development, power generation, and engineering services. Other business operations include paint manufacturing, refrigeration product manufacturing, travel and tourism services, hospitals, and golf courses. Sime Darby Plantation is the plantation and agri-business arm of the Sime Darby Group, representing one of the five core Divisions of the Group. The Division is involved in oil palm cultivation and downstream activities, agribusiness and food, as well as Research Development (RD). The merger of Sime Darby Berhad, Golden Hope Plantations Berhad and Kumpulan Guthrie Berhad (completed on 27 November 2007) establishes Sime Darby Plantation as one of the worlds largest palm oil producer, producing about 2.4 million tones or 6% of the worlds crude palm oil (CPO) output annually. As an integrated plantation company, Sime Darby Plantation is involved in the full spectrum of the palm oil value chain. The Divisions downstream operations is represented in 9 countries namely Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, Japan, China, Germany, United Kingdom, Bangladesh, South Africa, United Arab Emirates, The Netherlands, Brazil, Canada and the United States of America. It is involved in the manufacturing and distribution of oils and fats products, oleochemicals and palm oil-based biodiesel. Alongside oil palm, the Division is also involved in agri-business activities and the cultivation of rubber. Today, Sime Darby Plantation is proud to be the pioneer in successfully sequencing assembled and annotated the oil palm genome. With this breakthrough the company stands on the brink of discovering a super palm that will revolutionize the industry. Now, Sime Darby Plantations is located at Ara Damansara, Selangor. It consists of several departments such as Human Resource Departments, Administration Departments, Engineering Departments, Marketing Departments and Corporate Communication Departments. There is 450 staff estimated work in Sime Darby Plantations and this exclude staff that work at estates and mills. Besides that, the Human Resource Departments are divided into several units such as Learning and Talent Development, Employee Engagement and Employer Branding, Industrial Relations, Benefits and Rewards, Recruitment, and Talent and Performance. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Nowadays, many organizations work hard to be success in the future and it has to realize that teamwork is very important because it is the way the employees value and respect each other. According to Williams and Castro (2010), a team is defined by its unity of purpose, identity as a social structure, and members shared responsibility for outcomes. Teamwork is an important aspect of maintaining the self-sustainability of organizational performance. Teamwork could lead the team members and also organizations to be further and success in the future. This is strongly agreed by Williams and Castro (2010) where teams are considered an important ingredient for organizational success since they allow for rapid information exchange and increased responsiveness. Furthermore, teamwork is regarded merely as one aspect of the new forms of work organization and as an important component of high performance work organization. Recent study shows that organizations often rely on teamwork for continuous improvement of their products and services, and also of all other organizational functions (Judeh, 2011). There are small number of researches were conducted on teamwork. So, in this research study highlights the importance of teamwork in organizations performance especially in Sime Darby Plantation Sdn Bhd. Research study uses model of organization performance to find out the effect of teamwork, leadership, and team trust and communication style on organization performance and also identify the relationship between employee teamwork in organization performance. Teamwork is taken in this study as an independent variable (I.V), whereas organizational performance is taken as dependent variable (D.V). Various other measures of organizational performance are also included in the research study, which are leadership, team trust and communication style. PROBLEM STATEMENT There are some factors that affect employees not working as a team and these will be discussed in this study. There are time that problem arises when employees cannot complete their task probably because of no teamwork being implemented. Some organizations did not routinely used teamwork in their organization. They are more likely to work by themselves or move solely in their task. Sometimes it works for someone who is comfortable with but some of them are not. This is because if one person did a mistake, it may affect all of the team. In defining the problem statement, the researcher had identified several variables that contribute to the leadership, team trust and communication styles among staff at Sime Darby Plantation. Thus, from that it will influence or affect to the teamwork among staff. The first factor that might affect employees when not working as a team is leadership itself. Leadership involves when there is a relationship between superior and their employees. In Sime Darby Plantation, most superior able to lead their team, but the problem is some of them using an approach that is not suitable or accepted by employees. As an employee, they have to follow their superior style either they like it or not in order for them to complete their job task. This leadership style can be formal or informal. Some of them use formal but there also superior use informal style even though in office. So this formal and informal styles sometimes been accepted by their employee and some of them are not. Moreover, as a team leader they should learn to accept and appreciate team members ideas so that, their ideas can be accepted by others too. Moreover, team trust can also be one of the factors that affect employees not working as a team. Trust is important to develop cooperation among employees. Development of trust within the organization is the responsibility of individuals. Cooperation of the team members can only be created when trust comes to be most important value of the team culture. Other than that, from the researcher observation, there are certain of the employees fail to gain trust from their team members in order for them to complete the job task. So this can give a problem that might arise later. Furthermore, having a good communication style either formal or informal among employees can be one of the factors that affect employees not working as a team. Communication can improve cooperation between employees and superior also. A reason why employees did not apply teamwork in their task is because of poor communication among them. Having good communication can help employee to complete their task successfully and this could lead to organizational performance. Based on researcher observation, sometimes there are redundant information giving by team leader and these occur because of information overload. Frequently, now they said A, tomorrow they said B and later they said C. So, from this the employees dont know which order they should follow. At the end, the task cannot be completed within the time given because of poor communication between superior and employees. Assuming that there is teamwork in the organizations, employees and top management can gain advantage from it. Therefore, teamwork will be useful to overcome these problems in the future. RESEARCH QUESTION This research will look the relationship of independent and dependent variable between leadership, team trust and communication styles with the factors that affect the teamwork on organizational performance at Sime Darby Plantation. This research is designed to explore how the factors of teamwork on organizational performance can be influenced by these three factors. Whether leadership affects teamwork on organizational performance? Whether team trust affects teamwork on organizational performance? Whether communication style affects teamwork on organizational performance? RESEARCH OBJECTIVE The principle aim of this research is to investigate the relation between teamwork of the staff with organization performance. The specific aims are as follows: To determine whether leadership affects teamwork on organizational performance. To identify whether team trust affects teamwork on organizational performance. To determine whether communication style affects teamwork on organizational performance. 1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY The study used sampling method in order to complete the research and focuses on the factors that affect teamwork on organizational performance at Sime Darby Plantation Sdn Bhd. The sampling method is the process of selecting items from the population, so that the sample characteristics can be generalized to the population. Besides that, the researcher will focus on identifying the relationship between teamwork, leadership, and team trust and communication styles. A total of 230 questionnaires will be distributed to all selected respondents in various departments at Sime Darby Plantation Sdn Bhd. All of the departments have high potential to involve in teamwork and they have more task to be completed and problem to be solved. The staff is selected randomly regardless of their department, level, age and many more including lower level, middle level and high level. There are many factors that influence to the teamwork, however, for the purpose of study; the researcher has only focus on three factors including leadership, team trust and communication styles in order to determine the relationship between variables that affect organizational performance. 1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY Several parties will gain benefits from the outcome of this project. Among parties are: 1.7.1 To the Supervisors/Leader This research is design to identify the effects of teamwork towards the organizational performance. The findings will help the supervisors or leader to increase the performance through leadership and help strategically maintain the growth and success of the projects. By having a good relationship with their staff can make the teamwork naturally involved each time they want to complete the job task. From this, it can reduce as many problems that might occur in their task and avoid a redundant activity each time they want to complete their job. 1.7.2 To the Employees The research is managed to evaluate or determine the level of teamwork of the staff. From the result it may identify whether the staff is agree on the power of teamwork which may bring a great development for the company or not. From that also, it will help them to find out what are the best solutions that they can take and make some improvement form it. It also can help the employees to have a good perception towards others by having a trust and build a good relationship among them. From this, it can give a benefit to all of them. 1.7.3 To the Industry/Organization This research helps Sime Darby Plantations Sdn Bhd to identify their employees feedback towards the effects of teamwork on the organizational performance. The finding later can help the organization in ways to develop their performance in order to be in line with other develop company. It also will help the organization to restructure and change the styles and system that they used before this and this will contribute the organizations in several theoretical and managerial ways. By having a good teamwork in organization, it can help them achieve their desired goal and also annual or long term objective. 1.7.4 To the Researcher Through this research, the researcher will gain knowledge on the issues of this study which is the effects that will influence teamwork on organizational performance. The research also will know how to implement the teamwork among their staff at the workplace and make harmony workplaces. Furthermore, this research will facilitate other researcher to use it as a guideline or reference in order to make their research effectively. This study also gives a clear vision for a researcher as a guideline to produce a good research in the future using appropriate steps in research methodology. 1.8 ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT This report is organized into five chapters: Chapter 1: Introduction Thus chapter provides the general introduction to the research topic and its issue. It is firstly started with the background of the company where the research conducted. Then, the researcher introduced the topic with the background of the study and then discuss about the problem statement. This chapter also discuss about the problem statement. This chapter also discuss about the research question, research objectives, its significant of the study and scope of the study. Moreover, this chapter also outlines the limitation of the study that the researcher has to face it to complete this study. Chapter 2: Literature Review This chapter would discuss about the previous findings by the various authors on the issue of teamwork and the factors that influence to the teamwork on organizational performance at Sime Darby Plantation Sdn Bhd. The factors that influence to the job stress such as leadership, team trust and communication styles. The theoretical framework and the hypothesis of this study were developing as a guided from the literatures. Chapter 3: Research Methodology From this chapter, the researcher would explain about the data collection that the researcher use on this study. It is also discussed about the research design that consists of purpose of this study, types of this study, study setting, unit of analysis, and time horizon. Besides that, the researcher also includes the data sampling that the researcher uses in this study, as well as the instrument this study use and also the data analysis techniques. Chapter 4: result and discussion In this chapter described about the analysis of data findings of the research that were gathered from the survey with the various departments at Sime Darby Plantation. It presents complete results and analysis of the study in the form of figures, tables or text so that researcher would highlight the key information. Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendation For this chapter, discuss about the conclusion, the key of findings are summarized according to the research objectives in this chapter. The researcher would discuss about the result and some recommendations regarding to the issue also be included in this last chapter. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 INTRODUCTION This chapter contains the review of the literature the effort done by other researchers that have a significant in the development of this research. A literature review can be in form of journals, articles, bulletins or theses. This publications can be in various sources and widely available via the Internet. 2.1 DEPENDENT VARIABLE 2.1.1 Teamwork and Organizational Performance According to Gomez and Rohrer (2011), a team is defined as a group of two or more people who communicate and positively influence each other and harmonize the job task to be accomplished with an objective and reason for the success of organization. Team helps people to corporate, enhance individual skills, give feedback and reduce conflict occurred between individuals. As a team member, they have to learn how to work with other members and understand that one is different, unique and have more knowledge and power that can be channeled in a positive way (Gomez Rohrer, 2011). Teamwork is an important feature for smooth functioning of an organization. Most organizational activities become difficult due to development in technology therefore teamwork is a heart of many organizations. Gomez and Rohrer (2011) said that, when a teams work hard and reach something great, they will have a sense of pride for their team and be motivated to do it again, because they know their role will be measured important and essential by top managers as well as all employees in the organization. Furthermore, working together as a team to create specific performance objectives helps transforming teams form groups of persons into committed groups (Khalid Al-Rawi, 2008). However, if teams vanish, employees will no longer have an essential and important role to play in their organization but instead work just to get a wages (Gomez Rohrer, 2011). Another study mentions that team should be an element of an organization that builds upon itself. It fosters an appreciation of each individuals talents and the input they can make to their organization (Gomez Rohrer, 2011). This statement is also agreed by Judeh (2011) where team effectiveness is important because it is apply of the most important determinants of the companies achievement. Gomez and Rohrer (2011) reported that the responsibility of the teams will play in an organization will be viewed as priceless and vital of the organizational success. When teamwork is linked to the organization, members chat about team performance in relationship to corporate priorities, and quality measures. When teamwork has developed strong relation among members, peer support manifests itself in many ways Moreover, a number of organizational benefits can result from the victorious use of sourcing teamwork, and the highest perceived benefit is the skill to bring greater knowledge and skills together at one time (Khalid Al-Rawi, 2008). Organizations that mix their staff by implement the teamwork system will make them rapidly learn to work with others to complete their job task. At the end, each of them will value their capability and as a member of a team (Gomez Rohrer, 2011). Khalid Al-Rawi (2008) state that the main goals of teamwork are to develop an organization whose teamwork member does not reveal commitment to team process feces significant hurdles if it attempts the broad use of cross-functional productivity and motivation. H1: Teamwork has significant positive effect on organizational performance. 2.2 INDEPENDENT VARIABLES 2.2.1 Leadership towards Organizational Performance According to Liu, Wang and Cao (2011), leadership is best characterized as a social influence process. Each team in an organization must have a mentor who is not compulsory a supervisor but someone who is expert in teamwork to guide the team (Gomez Rohrer, 2011). In the face of complicated and complex projects leaders, managers, and team leaders have to deal with a wide range of people, including sponsors, team members, consumers, suppliers and internal department heads, all of who, often have conflicting goals and competing priorities (Gomez Rohrer, 2011). Khalid Al-Rawi (2008) argues that an effective supervisor must keep up a teams focus on its task while establishing positive relations with team members. Meanwhile, previous research indicates that leader behaviors main result on team performance is very weak when considering the external surroundings of the team (Liu, Wang Chao, 2011). Without a respect from team members, a leader can lose the ability to effectively lead and efficiently deal with their team. When there is respectful from leader and team members, it can make an easier for them to do what is asked and able to communicate (Gomez Rohrer, 2011). Most importantly, it is the responsibility of the senior employees to teach new comers to have a clean heart for the organization succeed and become profitable. Furthermore, listening is one skill that each leader must have in order to help them in understanding that it is an active action and requires work to master (Gomez Rohrer, 2011). In other site of view, the team leader is directly in charge for inspiring this commitment from team members so as to enhance the team efforts in achieving the common goals (Judeh, 2011). According to Judeh (2011), he agrees that successful leader who is able to promote care and trust value find themselves with high standards that would affect organizations competitiveness. This is important because as a team leader you are going to work with employees of all ages, races, backgrounds and education levels (Gomez Rohrer, 2011). Furthermore, a team leader should guide their team members to increase their efforts and focus their commitment towards the goals of the team (Judeh, 2011). While Liu, Wang and Cao (2011) had mentioned that the leader should motivate individual team members and also lead their team effectively. H2: Leadership has significant positive effect on organizational performance. 2.2.2 Team Trust towards Organizational Performance. Another researcher had defined trust as the point to which a person has confidence of another person and is set to act based on the words, deeds and decision of other persons or and group in other view, trust in teammates is fundamentals for success (Mach, Dolan Tzafrir, 2010). They found that trust in the supervisor is more closely related to work variables, while trust in top management is much more closely related to organizational variables due to the functioning versus more strategic role coaches and management play. In previous studies said that trust is the important trait to have in a team and when leader have a trust towards their team mates, the need for power becomes obsolete. According to the Mach, Dolan and Tzafrir (2010), trust is highly useful to the functioning of an organization. Organizational citizenship behavior, employee performance, open communication to the team objectives, team performance and increased coordination become a link between trust and a variety of those work behavior. Moreover, the researcher feels that trust enhances organizational relationship by increasing the capability of group members to work together. Recent study found that, groups with higher levels of trust did not necessarily perform better than groups with lower levels of trust, thus it showed that trust influenced group process and performance indirectly. Moreover, trust can be said as an integral part of teamwork and this require high level of interdependence between members and generates synergy in the form of cooperation and interaction amongst team members (Mach, Dolan Tzafrir, 2010). H3: Team trust has positive effect on organizational performance. 2.2.3 Communication Styles towards Organizational Performance According to Gomez and Rohrer (2011), teams are the central to the socialization of employees, particularly the new comers. Teams alter individual self-interest into an important resource that can be used to build and maintain the vibrant organization. Furthermore, in a team all employees are socialized to become hard workers in their organization. However, when the new staff is timid and not tries to socialize or communicate with their teammates or other staff, they will become socially isolated individuals and will not feel the sense of connectedness with their organization (Gomez Rohrer, 2011). Research has also reported that communication among team members, sharing of the workload, and high levels of cooperation will improve team effectiveness (Williams Castro, 2010). According to Williams and Castro (2010), communication among team member builds a positive team climate since it improves problem solving skills and interpersonal relations on the team. Ultimately, the more interdependent team members are with each other the more they should be able to realize outcomes related to teamwork as they build team efficacy (Williams Castro, 2010). Communication is also a construct that has been linked with numerous outcomes of groups and teams, such as with knowledge sharing, learning, reductions in time requirements and transaction costs and reduced redundancy (Clopton, 2011). According to Clopton (2011), communication or social capital can reduce the probability of opportunities and the cost of monitoring while encouraging supportive behavior and facilitating the development of new forms of association and innovation. In addition, social exchange relationships evolve and generate beneficial consequences when employers take care of employees. In this sense, the social exchange relationship is a mediator or intervening variable that produces effective work behavior and positive employee attitudes (Mach, Dolan Tzafrir, 2010). H4: Communication style has significant positive effect on organizational performance 2.3 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK The theoretical or conceptual framework is the foundation of hypothetical deductive research as it is the basis of the hypotheses that you will develop. It is a logically developed, described and elaborated network of associations among the variables deemed relevant to the problem situation and identified through such processes as interviews, observations and literature review (Sekaran, 2010). A theoretical framework represents your belief on how certain phenomena (or variables or concepts) are related to each other (a model) and an explanation of why you believe that these variables are associated with each other (a theory) (Sekaran, 2010). Theoretical framework elaborates the relationship among all variables independent and dependent variables. It explains the theory underlying these relations and describes the nature and direction of the relationship. From the theoretical framework, testable hypothesis can be developed to examine whether the theory formulated is valid or not. Based on literature review the conceptual framework is as follow: (I.Vs) (D.V) Leadership (Gomez Rohrer, 2011) Organizational Performance Team Trust (Mach, Dolan Tzafrir, 2010) Communication Style (Williams Castro, 2010) Figure 2.3 Conceptual Framework 2.3.1 Variable The theoretical framework shows the variables, which are independent variable and dependent variable. The variable is anything that can take on differing or varying values. The values can differ at various times for the same object or person, or at the same time for different objects or persons such as production and motivation. 2.3.2 Dependent Variable The dependent variable is the variable of primary interest to the researcher. The researcher goal is to describe and understand the dependent variable or to explain its viability or predict it. It is the main variable that lends itself for investigation as a viable act. Through the analysis of the dependent variable, it is possible to find solutions to the problems (Sekaran, 2010). Moreover, researcher will not only quantifies and measures the dependent variable but also explains other variables that influence this variable. For this purpose, it is shows that the dependent variable is important for the researcher to measures in this study which is the effects that will influence to the organizational performance. 2.3.3 Independent Variable Independent variable is one variable that influences the dependent variable in either positive or negative way. When the independent variable is also present, and with each unit of increase in the dependent variable there is an increase or decrease in the dependent variable also. In this research, the theoretical framework is about the study indicates to determinant of leadership, team trust and communication styles. 2.4 HYPOTHESIS Hypothesis is logically conjectured relationship between two or more variables expressed in the form of testable statement. Relationship conjectured on the basis of the network of associations established in the theoretical framework formulated for the research study (Sekaran, 2010). A hypothesis can also be referring as the thing that the researcher educate guess to solve the research problems in the organization. The hypothesis for this study as below: H1: There is a significant relationship between teamwork and organizational performance. H2: There is significant relationship between leadership and organizational performance. H3: There is significant relationship between team trust and organizational performance. H4: There is significant relationship between communication style and organizational performance. CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 3.0 INTRODUCTION The previous chapters discussed related literature on Teamwork and the context of the present study. This chapter covers the research methodology and procedure undertaken in this study. This includes research framework, data collection, and development of research instruments, population, sample, sampling technique and data analysis. Results of a pilot study, the response rate and non-response bias of the main study are also discussed in this chapter. 3.1 STUDY VARIABLES The research study was based on quantitative research technique. The study was conducted to investigate the effect of teamwork on organizational performance. During the research study, researchers interference was minimal, unit of analysis was individual and type of study was cross sectional. Questionnaires were distributed among the employees and their views had been taken. In this study collected data was uploaded on computer in SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) and normality of data was calculated. When the data was transformed and got normal, then different statistical test were applied, on the data for analysis. Through that statistical analysis, correlation and regression of teamwork and organizational performance has been measured. In order to analyze the two variables; teamwork and organizational performance, firstly descriptive analysis were measured and then correlation and regression was calculated between Dependent Variable (D.V) organizational performance and Independent Variable (I.V) teamwork, leadership, team trust and communication styles. 3.2 DATA COLLECTION This research is relying on the data gather that can be obtained from either primary of secondary data. Both of the data encompasses all various type of information, which needed for the research purpose. In completing the study, both types of the data will be used. 3.2.1 Primary Data Primary data will be collected by researcher for specific purpose of deal with the research problem. Besides that, to solve the research problems, the data and information will be gathered through several ways. The primary data will be obtained through questionnaires that will be given t

Essay --

Red Eye Our senses are very important because they allow us to see, hear, smell, taste, and touch. The most important sensory organ is the eye. It is the organ of vision, and it is very sensitive. Due to that, we should protect our eyes from diseases; such as, macular edema, cataract, macular dry enteration, and red eye. We have all experienced red eye from time to time, affecting one or both eyes. Red eye is cardinal sign of ocular information. It accrues when the vessels in the eye become swollen or irritated. Red eye accrues as a consequence of eye allergies, dry eye syndrome, or conjunctivitis. Â   Â   Â  First, Red eye accrue due to conjunctivitis. Conjunctivitis, which is commonly called pink eye, is an infection or swelling in the eye area. The effect of viruses, bacteria's, and allergies, is pink eye disease. Viral conjunctivitis is contagious, and it is the result of infection from herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella zoster virus (VZV), or human immune deficiency virus (HIV). Bacterial conjunctivitis has common causes including taphylococci, streptococci, gonococci, and Chl...

Industralization after Civil War Essay

After the Civil War, the United States became much more industrialized society. Between 1865 and 1920, industrialization improved American life in many ways, transforming it into a modern industrial society but also created problems for the American people. Three major improvements that contributed to the United States economy were the railroads, factories and immigration. Railroads during the period of the industrial revolution were good throughout the north and were supported by the federal government to help build the north into achieving a prosperous economy. The railroads made transportation of goods and products easy, cheap and reliable. The steel industry made the expansion of the railroads possible and by the 1900’s, Carnegie made great contributions to the business world, enabling railroads to connect to seaports, cities and industrial centers. Urbanization and Immigration began around the 1870 and the 1920’s. Immigrants migrated to cities like New York, Chicag o and Boston. Approximately 25 million people migrated to the U.S and they contributed to the growth of the cities and new technologies. They worked low- paying factory jobs and overcrowded neighborhoods, moving the middle class out of their communities (Shultz, 2014). While great accomplishments took place during this period, it also affected different people like African Americans, Farmers, Children, Women and Immigrants. African Americans faced many challenges in terms of freedom and acceptance from the old to the new south. In the old south, they were slaves working day and night with no rights. After the civil war, during the reconstruction their lives improved, being freed with rights such as the 14th- and 15th amendments that granted them citizenship and the right to vote. However in the â€Å"New South† their rights seemed meaningless because of the Jim Crow laws, violence and the lack of their voting rights. The Jim Crow laws they prohibited them from attending the same schools as whites and sitting in the same areas in restaurants, which increased the racism of  blacks and whites. Children were also affected while this time due to the high demand for them to work in factories was great. Many children started at the age 14, but would be hired form age 6, who usually worked tedious long hours. By the end of the 1800’s, child labor laws were passed, but employers ignored the laws, and the number of child factory workers increased (Shultz, 2014). Children were great at doing this task because they accepted low pay, didn’t complain about the wages, and were able to fit in small in cracks that the average man and women couldn’t do. The economy of the south wasn’t very strong due to the fact, profits were made because l abor was unpaid, and the limited crops planted were cotton, tobacco and sugar. Some of the natural resources of the south included farmland, water power, steam power coal, iron and oil. Agriculture was the primary source of employment; while textiles and steel industries became prosperous in the south after the civil war (Weightman, 2007). Many sharecroppers faced hardships and sharecropping became unprofitable for workers because they were uneducated, and cheated by the landowners that owned the supplies. Fresh produce began to be in great demand once refrigerated railcars were introduced. References Ashton, T.S. The Industrial Revolution: 1760-1830. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997. Schultz, Kevin: 2014 U.S History since 1865 Volume 11: pg. 291, 311-320 Weightman, Gavin. The Industrial Revolutionaries: The Making of the Modern World, 1776-1914. New York: Grove Press, 2007.

Euphony Is Not So Far Away essays

Euphony Is Not So Far Away essays Music is a substance like nothing else in the world. It can touch our deepest emotions with such an intensity or it can be in the background and hardly noticed. There isnt anything in the world that is as strong of an expression of who people are, what they love, and what they represent. Music begins in the hearts of people. Then it must become substance. Just like the painter, first there is inspiration and then action. One way in which music moves from the heart to the ear is through the efforts of a group, known as a band. One great thing about a band is that the three major parts of music are covered: melody, rhythm, and harmony. Another amazing part of a band is the support and compounded creativity that is shared. Forming a band is not a very easy thing to do. It takes initiative and patience to bring a group of individuals together to form one unit. If you have the patience and time to learn to play an instrument, you can also form a band. I will show you how to bring indivi dual musicians together to make music worth listening to. The first step is to bring together all the parts. One of the most essential elements of a band is the rhythm section, which is performed by a percussionist. You need to find someone who can play a set of drums, a set of congas or bongos, or another percussion instrument. Another important part that you must find is the bassist. They will support the rhythm while also playing a harmony or a melody. Then, you must find the musicians to play the harmony. This can be very broad. It can be one person or multiple people playing the same or different instruments. Some of the most typical instruments used for this part are the guitar or the keyboard. Then comes the final touch, the vocalist. This can be one or more people. They will be very important in that they gain the attention of the crowd. Their melody lines are the most remembered and noticed. Typically, a band is only as good as its vocal...

TOK- the ways of knowing Essays

TOK- the ways of knowing Essays TOK- the ways of knowing Paper TOK- the ways of knowing Paper The main reason why I positioned perception above the other four WOKs is because perception, among others, is the one tool that is absolutely necessary to gain knowledge. Regardless of how much knowledge of reasoning, emotion, or language you possess, it all revolves around the idea of perception. Perception, in my view, is the ability to understand various matters at ease, a skill which represents basis of the course. I believe it is perception that ultimately gives shape to ambiguous thoughts and develop them further as it allows you to more fully apprehend ideas. What is made out of perception, however, is strictly due to peoples pasts. People see things differently based on what theyve been through- The concept of the half filled/ emptied bottle is completely to do with perception. If a person has experienced hardship and struggled through it, that person will most likely say that it is half filled because he is gracious for everything he/she can get. In contrast, if a person who has enjoyed wealth throughout his/her life, he/she will more likely say that the bottle is half emptied because he/she can get whatever he/she wants without going through hardships. 2. Reason Reasoning, the ability to use logic to differentiate right or wrong, is another essential element of TOK. One of the main reasons for positioning the WOK of reasoning as the second most important is that reasoning allows people to piece together scattered ideas into one. Reasoning uses past experiences to decipher bits of thoughts and ideas into various ideas depending on personal experiences and what people are taught. In other words, different people come up with different results through the process of reasoning. Yet, the gap in the variation in the results is not as large as perceptions. Unlike perception, the results obtained through reasoning do not extend as far as that of perception as reasoning is more rational, which is one of the main reasons perception is ranked higher than reason. Real-. When presented numerous clues that lead to one another, you need reason to piece them together. For example, if given a math problem like x + 3 = 5, you can automatically know that x = 2 if you think logically as the answer is always rational regardless of your past experiences. 3. Emotion Emotion is a tool used for sharing thoughts. It tends to personalize transmitted information into the way people want it to be shared. This altered information then gets shared among people which influences the way the people perceive the ideas. While emotion helps people perceive matters personally, the extent to which emotion influence people has a limit that only reasoning and perception can exceed. Real- When talking to others, you may want to share an idea that possesses a positive connotation. However, due to emotion, you may alter the tone of the way you speak and therefore, slightly changing the implication of what you say, and possibly making it negative. 4. Language Putting language as the least important quality among the four WOKs is not to show that language is unimportant or unnecessary, in fact, quite the opposite. Language is another vital part of human understanding as well as the others. Without language, communication would be nowhere near as explicit and the exchange of thoughts would be hindered. Even if there are other ways of communication, such as gesturing, no other methods are more efficient than simply communicating through the use of language. However, compared to the other WOKs, the use of language is just a tool to exchange ideas derived from perception, reason, and emotion. Without the other WOKs, no thoughts can be shaped and subsequently shared through language. Yet, without language, thoughts can still be exchanged, just in a more restrained and less lucid matter, although, still doable. The more accessible substitutes for language are the main reasons why I positioned language as the least important WOK among reason, perception, and emotion. Expressions, movements, body language, and several more, for example, can all be reduced substitutes for language. Real- When talking to others, there are several ways of expression yourself, the most effective being the use of languages. For example, when you order for something in McDonalds, rather than pointing at the picture vaguely and unclearly, you can simply say the name of the food making it easier for the idea to be transferred. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our International Baccalaureate Theory of Knowledge section. Download this essay Print Save Not the one? Search for

Innocence and disilussion in Desiree's Baby Essay

Innocence and disilussion in Desiree's Baby - Essay Example Why it seemed but yesterday that Desiree was little more than a baby herself." Desiree’s Baby† by Kate Chopin is a touching tale of how both love and pride affect all our actions. Love is a quality gifted only to some people. "Love is patient and kind. Love is not jealous or boastful†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Love never gives up, never loses faith, is always hopeful, and endures through every circumstance." On the other hand, Pride has the opposite effect because it is egged on by a hatred of falling below ones standards. Pride makes a person so selfish because it centers on â€Å"self† and is totally destructive. Kate Chopin depicts the protagonist Desiree as a "beautiful and gentle, affectionate and sincere young woman."(p. 31) and then shuttles between the love and pride that effects all the choices made by all the characters in the story. Kate Chopin’s â€Å"Desiree’s Baby,† is so realistic in its portrayal because of her creation of lifelike and believable characters. She relies on a lot of symbolism and imagery lending depth and innocence to her characters. To highlight social divisions she uses color imagery such as black and white. She also uses Biblical connotations such as comparing Desiree with God and Armand to Satan. Chopin brings Desiree’s innocence forward when she wholly accepts Armand’s love for not guessing that he has a deep seated desire as well as hatred towards her racial background. Armand’s world seems ironic as he builds up an image of white supremacy and traps himself within its walls. Armand goes to the extent of discarding Desiree and getting involved with a white mistress, La Blanche. Though she is fair – skinned, yet she is of mixed blood from a slave background. The actual irony is that Armand is dark- skinned and evil but portrays himself as white and good. Desiree is so innocent and childlike and does not guess what is going through Armand’s mind. Though Armand knows well about the truth of his ancestry, yet he has

Micky McDivet Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Micky McDivet - Assignment Example and where the decision under consideration is that of the ALJ, two standards of review are commonly considered, namely: substantial evidence, and; de novo. A substantial evidence standard of review was defined in Richardson v Perales. 402 US 389, 401 (1971) as â€Å"such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a decision.† A reviewing court must set aside the decision of the trial court if it finds that the evidence used in supporting the decision lacks substance taking into account the evidence in the case’s record that opposed such findings (Universal Camera Corp v NLRB 340 US 474, 488 [1951]). In deciding whether evidence is substantial or not, the US Supreme Court in the Richardson case reminds appellate courts that is â€Å"more than a mere scintilla.† Five decided cases that made use of this standard are the following: A de novo standard of review is one where a â€Å"reviewing court makes an original appraisal of all the evidence to decide whether or not it believes [the conclusions of the trial court]† (Bose Corporation v Consumers Union of the US, Inc. 466 US 485, 514 [1984]). A de novo standard of review applies when there is an error of law (Kober v Apfel, 133 F.Supp.2d 868 [2001] or a mixed error of law and facts (Johnson v Employment Security, 112 Wn.2d 172 [1989]). This standard of review was used in the following cases: Any decision to elevate Mickey McDivet case must take into account the two standards of review, which the federal district courts commonly use in reviewing a case. The issues that an appealing party cites as basis for the appeal usually determine the standard that the court will use. An assignment of error of law, for example, will subject it to a de novo standard review and an assignment of error of fact on the part of the ALJ will subject it to a substantial evidence standard of review. An assignment of both types will create subject it to both