The development of new reproductive technologies Essay Example for Free

The development of new generative technologies EssayExplain roughly of the religious and moral upshots relevant to the development of new fruitful technologies. 35The development of new reproductive technologies urinate revolutionised the way society turn overs infertility. However, many object to methods such as IVF, copy, ICSI and PGD for moral and religious reasons. In examining these issues, a good place to start is IVF.IVF in vitro fertilisation is one of the intimately commonly used reproductive technologies. This method bypasses the need for inter course of action to conceive embryos are instead created in a lab and implanted into a mother. It empennage either use gametes from two parents, or in the case of a homoerotic couple near of the material give be donated. From a benevolent-rights perspective everyone has the right to a family life, which near interpret to mean a right to IVF. However, so far from a purely secular point of view there are moral pr oblems with IVF. For example, the new ICSI method bypasses many of the bodys natural defences for weeding out unfit sperm and therefore the child is at a higher risk of genetic abnormalities. Additionall(a)y, some feminists view reproductive technology with suspicion. Feminists refer to a pro-natalist ideology prevalent in Western society, whereby women are encouraged to think that their fulfilment and happiness depends upon their being able to bear children. They fear women may be coerced into IVF.The main issue that Christians would wealthy person with IVF is that many embryos are created and then destroyed. More embryos are make waterd in post to increase the chances of triple-crown implantation, but in the UK you drop non use more than two embryos per IVF cycle. This creates spare embryos that are discarded, experimented upon or frozen for posterior use. The majority of Christians believe that life and personhood are intertwined, and two begin at conception. Christians believe in the holiness of life, meaning that all human life is created in Gods image and has intrinsic worth. The most important verse they turn to is part of the Decalogue do not kill. Moreover, Psalm 139 says, you knit me together in my mothers womb. Therefore the discarding of spare embryos is murder of an innocent life.As with any issue, denominational opinions differ. The papistic Catholic Church defends traditional family structures and view IVF as unnatural. They published a document in 1987called detect for Human Life in its Origin and the Dignity of Procreation. This emphasised the principles concerning the sanctity of life laid waste much earlier in the Papal Encyclical, Humanae Vitae of 1968. In summary it claimed that children were a gift from God and not a commodity, and the proper place for children is within marriage. The church has expressed fears that IVF trivialises intercourse.Protestant churches tend to take a more lenient view. For example, the Free Presby terian Church accepts IVF provided that the couple are married, spare embryos are not created and no donors are used. Both the Methodist Church and the Church of England are quite positive about all crops of IVF and even permit research on spare embryos up to 14 days old because it can be of great help to doctors researching genetic diseases, although embryos should not be created solely for this purpose.Other more drastic forms of reproductive technology pose a bigger problem for the churches. The successful cloning of Dolly the Sheep overt up a debate on the potential of human cloning and saviour siblings. Reproductive cloning would devalue individuality and result in negative psychological effects in the cloned person. Cloned animals tend to receive a shorter lifespan and there is a genuine fear that a sub- disunite of humans could be produced in order for their organs to be harvested.This commodification of life sounds worry science fiction, but according to Paul Ramsey it is a real threat. Cloning also removes the need for a male. In the case of Dolly, she had three mothers one provided the egg, another(prenominal) the DNA and a third carried the cloned embryo to term. The embryo was given an electric shock in order to begin the division process. For Christians this disrupts Gods design for reproduction and parenthood. The only form of cloning that some churches would permit is therapeutic cloning, when a persons stem cells can be used to produce organs that are an exact match. Mary Seller, a member of the Church of Englands Board of Social Responsibility, states, Cloning, like all science, must be used responsibly. Cloning humans is not desirable.Furthermore, another key form of reproductive technology is PGD pre-implantation genetic diagnosis. This process can eliminate genetic diseases by selection (negative therapy) and can also alter the genes to improve an embryo (positive therapy). It can be used to prevent suffering for both the child and pare nts. Moral objects are raised because, just like IVF, negative therapy involves fertilising several embryos with the intent of destroying those with the disease. This is dehumanising to change people, because it suggests that society would be better off without them. Positive therapy takes it to another level, and could result in a class of humans that are genetically modified for upper limit health, intelligence and appearance. This destroys individualism and Christians refer to it as, playing God. gibe to the Free Presbyterian Church, remember that each time cells are harvested for the treatment of someone who is sick, a new and consecrate life is callously ended.Moving on, reproductive technology can be evaluated according to traditional ethical principles. Starting with Utilitarianism, Patrick Steptoe is quoted as stating that It is a fact that there is a biological desire to reproduce. If this is the case, then the maximum amount of happiness for the greatest amount of peop le will be achieved if they are able to reproduce, even if they need IVF or other interventions. Since successful IVF treatment will bring an enormous amount of happiness utilitarians are in agreement with such treatments. In the case of an infertile couple the utilitarian will look at the options available and strive towards to goal of conception. Likewise, if PGD and cloning can help alleviate human suffering it will be supported by utilitarians.Situation ethics bases the morality of an action on the circumstances that surround it. The only underlying principle is that we should always choose the most loving course of action, and there is no absolute morality. Whether an infertile couple should have access to IVF is based entirely on their individual situation. Natural law, on the other hand, is not so accepting. It is similar to the view the Roman Catholic Church takes. IVF and other technologies are unnatural and therefore immoral. Some criticise this theory because they claim t hat it is no more unnatural then the countless other forms of human intervention such as when we have an operation.Ultimately, reproductive technology causes us to rethink our views on family, marriage, sex and what makes a mother. Regardless of their views, Christians should be sorrow towards those suffering from the effects of infertility. You cannot understand their situation unless you have experienced it personally.